Drugs in oral fluid

Wylie, Fiona M.; Torrance, Hazel J.; Seymour, Alison; Buttress, S; Oliver, John S.

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.025

Cited by 52 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Oral fluid analysis is of great interest to police forces for roadside drug testing since it is non-invasive compared with blood analysis and removes the inconvenience of the observation of urine samples [6]. As part of the European Project, "Impaired Motorist, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing", Wylie et al [6] in conjunction with Strathclyde Police collected and analyzed 1396 oral fluid samples in Glasgow from randomly stopped motorists.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…As part of the European Project, "Impaired Motorist, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing", Wylie et al [6] in conjunction with Strathclyde Police collected and analyzed 1396 oral fluid samples in Glasgow from randomly stopped motorists. They found that out of 1396 samples, 235 tested positive for at least one drug; out of these 235 positive samples, 50 of these were found to be positive for D…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Clearly modified graphite powder with 4-amino-2,6-diphenylphenol compound can allow the detection of D 9 -THC in artificial saliva over the low micromolar range which is the range required to positively screen drug drivers [6]. Furthermore the low detection limits and sensitivities observed in artificial saliva (Figs.…”

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Graphite Micropowder Modified with 4‐Amino‐2,6‐diphenylphenol Supported on Basal Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes: Micro Sensing Platforms for the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Δ⁹‐Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

2006

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Graphite micropowder has been modified with 4-amino-2,6-diphenylphenol immobilized onto a basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode and explored for the indirect electrochemical sensing of D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol in artificial saliva. The protocol is based on the electrochemical formation of quinoneimine which specifically reacts with D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol resulting in the loss of the quinoneimine which can be monitored via voltammetry. It is demonstrated that D 9-tetrahydrocannabinol can be detected in artificial saliva over the micromolar range. Such a protocol may find application in screening for drug abuse.

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Graphite Micropowder Modified with 4‐Amino‐2,6‐diphenylphenol Supported on Basal Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes: Micro Sensing Platforms for the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Δ⁹‐Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

2006

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“…For example, amphetamines and related compounds are used by some long distance lorry drivers as a stimulant to increase their state of alertness/awakedness. As part of the European project, Impaired Motorist, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing, Wylie et al [8] in conjunction with Strathclyde Police collected and analyzed 1396 oral fluid samples in Glasgow (Scotland) from randomly stopped motorists. They found that out of 1396 samples, 235 tested positive for at least one drug while 36 cases indicated polydrug use.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…They found that out of 1396 samples, 235 tested positive for at least one drug while 36 cases indicated polydrug use. It was found that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine was the most frequently detected drug group with 64 cases [8]. Oral fluid contains saliva and other liquid substances which are present in the oral cavity [9] which is of great interest to police forces for roadside drug testing.…”

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Tagging of Model Amphetamines with Sodium 1,2‐Naphthoquinone‐4‐sulfonate: Application to the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Amphetamines in Oral (Saliva) Fluid

2006

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Proof-of-concept is shown for the indirect electrochemical detection of model amphetamines, d-amphetamine sulfate and pseudoephedrine, based on the labeling of the amphetamine models with sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate (NQS). The presence of the amphetamine models is monitored via either the reduction in the magnitude of the voltammetric peak corresponding to the electrochemical reduction of the quinone functionality of the sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate or via growth of a new voltammetric peak related to reaction between the amphetamine model and NQS, both of which are well resolved from one another. The protocol is shown to be successful in artificial saliva and authentic human oral (saliva) fluid. Such a protocol may be particularly attractive for roadside testing of amphetamines in drug drivers.

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Oral Fluid Toxicology

Laloup

Samyn

Gert

2009

Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science

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Technological advances over the past decades have enabled oral fluid testing for the presence of numerous drugs, narcotics, and hormones. The advantages of oral fluid over traditional fluids are that collection is almost noninvasive, is relatively easy to perform, and, in forensic situations, can be achieved under close supervision to prevent adulteration or substitution of the samples. Moreover, concentrations of many drugs in oral fluid correlate well with blood concentrations and, therefore, the analysis of oral fluid specimens can be used to determine the current degree of exposure to a definite drug at the time of sampling. These characteristics have resulted in the use of oral fluid for drugs of abuse testing in the workplace, in testing of intoxicated drivers, for monitoring illicit drug use in drug treatment. There are now sensitive and reliable analytical methods available both for screening and confirmation analysis of oral fluid specimens. External proficiency testing is being developed and cutoff concentrations have been proposed by scientific organizations. Appropriate certification of laboratories worldwide and the introduction of legal provisions in several countries will be the next step. However, a number of concerns require further research. The search for an on‐site screening method that can provide acceptable accuracies for the detection of cannabinoids in oral fluid remains a major hurdle. Additional considerations that have received attention are the variability in the volume of sample collected and the drug recovery from the many different specimen collection systems on the market. This article discusses developments in the field of collection devices, pharmacokinetics of common drugs of abuse in oral fluid, and recent technological advances and guidelines that increase the actual use of oral fluid testing in a legal context and its acceptance by the criminal justice system.

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Drugs in oral fluid

Cited by 52 publications

References 9 publications

Graphite Micropowder Modified with 4‐Amino‐2,6‐diphenylphenol Supported on Basal Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes: Micro Sensing Platforms for the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Δ⁹‐Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

Graphite Micropowder Modified with 4‐Amino‐2,6‐diphenylphenol Supported on Basal Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes: Micro Sensing Platforms for the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Δ⁹‐Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

Tagging of Model Amphetamines with Sodium 1,2‐Naphthoquinone‐4‐sulfonate: Application to the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Amphetamines in Oral (Saliva) Fluid

Oral Fluid Toxicology

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Drugs in oral fluid

Cited by 52 publications

References 9 publications

Graphite Micropowder Modified with 4‐Amino‐2,6‐diphenylphenol Supported on Basal Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes: Micro Sensing Platforms for the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Δ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

Graphite Micropowder Modified with 4‐Amino‐2,6‐diphenylphenol Supported on Basal Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes: Micro Sensing Platforms for the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Δ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

Tagging of Model Amphetamines with Sodium 1,2‐Naphthoquinone‐4‐sulfonate: Application to the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Amphetamines in Oral (Saliva) Fluid

Oral Fluid Toxicology

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Product

Resources

About

Graphite Micropowder Modified with 4‐Amino‐2,6‐diphenylphenol Supported on Basal Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes: Micro Sensing Platforms for the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Δ⁹‐Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva

Graphite Micropowder Modified with 4‐Amino‐2,6‐diphenylphenol Supported on Basal Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes: Micro Sensing Platforms for the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Δ⁹‐Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva