Tagging of Model Amphetamines with Sodium 1,2‐Naphthoquinone‐4‐sulfonate: Application to the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Amphetamines in Oral (Saliva) Fluid

Goodwin, Alexander; Banks, Craig E.; Compton, Richard G.

doi:10.1002/elan.200603596

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The LOD compares favourably with that obtained using indirect electrochemistry with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate [ 16 ], and it is considerably higher than the LODs obtained using direct electrochemical methods [ 13 – 15 ], although all these methods use aqueous solution and not undiluted saliva. Use of microelectrodes should provide greater sensitivity of response, since increased mass transport of MAMP to the electrode should result in increased peak heights i.e.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Electrochemical sensing of methamphetamine by direct oxidation has been reported at a pretreated pencil graphite electrode [LOD 50 nM (7.5 ng/mL) in aqueous solution, response time >10 min] [ 13 ], at a self-assembled boron-doped diamond electrode [LOD 50 nM (7.5 ng/mL) in aqueous solution, response time not given] [ 14 ], and in alkaline solution using a gold nanoparticle-multiwalled carbon nanotube modified screen printed electrode [LOD 0.3 nM (0.05 ng/mL), response time not given] [ 15 ]. The indirect electrochemical detection of amphetamine in saliva has been reported using 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate at an edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode [LOD 41 μM (6.2 μg/mL) in aqueous solution, response time not given] [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of methamphetamine in undiluted saliva

Bartlett¹,

Taylor²,

Fernandez³

et al. 2016

Chemistry Central Journal

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BackgroundMethamphetamine has an adverse effect on the ability to drive safely. Police need to quickly screen potentially impaired drivers therefore a rapid disposable test for methamphetamine is highly desirable. This is the first proof-of-concept report of a disposable electrochemical test for methamphetamine in undiluted saliva.ResultsA screen printed carbon electrode is used for the N,N′-(1,4-phenylene)-dibenzenesulfonamide mediated detection of methamphetamine in saliva buffer and saliva. The oxidized mediator reacts with methamphetamine to give an electrochemically active adduct which can undergo electrochemical reduction. Galvanostatic oxidation in combination with a double square wave reduction technique resulted in detection of methamphetamine in undiluted saliva with a response time of 55 s and lower detection limit of 400 ng/mL.ConclusionsUsing a double square wave voltammetry technique, rapid detection of methamphetamine in undiluted saliva can be achieved, however there is significant donor variation in response and the detection limit is significantly higher than desired. Further optimization of the assay and sensor format is required to improve the detection limit and reduce donor effects.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-016-0147-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of methamphetamine in undiluted saliva

Bartlett¹,

Taylor²,

Fernandez³

et al. 2016

Chemistry Central Journal

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“…Nowadays, a variety of methods has been developed for amphetamines analysis, including CE‐UV 2–5, CE‐LIF 6, 7, CE‐MS 8, 9, NACE‐electrochemical (EC) detection 10, HPLC‐fluorescence (FL) detection 11, HPLC‐MS 12, HPLC‐EC detection 13, HPLC‐UV 14 and GC‐MS 15–18, etc., and besides, varieties of selective amperometric immunosensors have also been established 19–27.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of amphetamines in urine with liquid–liquid extraction by capillary electrophoresis with simultaneous electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence detection

Sun

Wang

et al. 2008

Electrophoresis

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Amphetamines including methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine were separated and detected by CE using simultaneous electrochemical (EC) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection (CE-EC/ECL). Factors that influenced the separation and detection performance, such as the detection potential, the pH value and concentration of the running buffer, the separation voltage and the pH of the detection buffer, were investigated. LODs of 3.3x10(-8) mol/L (0.16 fmol), 1.6x10(-7) mol/L (0.78 fmol) and 3.3x10(-8) mol/L (0.16 fmol) were obtained for methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, respectively. For practical application, a liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate procedure was developed for urine sample pretreatment and extraction efficiencies higher than 90% were obtained. The established simultaneous CE-EC/ECL was successfully applied for urine sample analysis.

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“…[15] However, its electron-withdrawing character renders the resultant, sulfonated quinones more vulnerable to nucleophilic addition/substitution than their unsubstituted counterparts. [16] Alternatively, substitution with alkyl groups can prevent nucleophilic attack, but the electron-donating character of alkyl chains considerably decreases the quinone formal potential. [11b,17] Furthermore, anthraquinones, i.e., tetrasubstituted forms of benzoquinones, have formal potentials substantially lower than those of quinones even when disubstituted with a strongly electron-withdrawing sulfonate group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Di(Thioether Sulfonate)‐Substituted Quinolinedione as a Rapidly Dissoluble and Stable Electron Mediator and Its Application in Sensitive Biosensors

Nandhakumar

Lee

Nam

et al. 2021

Adv Healthcare Materials

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The commonly required properties of diffusive electron mediators for point-of-care testing are rapid dissolubility, high stability, and moderate formal potential in aqueous solutions. Inspired by nature, various quinone-containing electron mediators have been developed; however, satisfying all these requirements remains a challenge. Herein, a strategic design toward quinones incorporating sulfonated thioether and nitrogen-containing heteroarene moieties as solubilizing, stabilizing, and formal potential-modulating groups is reported. A systematic investigation reveals that di(thioether sulfonate)-substituted quinoline-1,4-dione (QLS) and quinoxaline-1,4-dione (QXS) display water solubilities of ≈1 m and are rapidly dissoluble. By finely balancing the electron-donating effect of the thioethers and the electron-withdrawing effect of the nitrogen atom, formal potentials suitable for electrochemical biosensors are achieved with QLS and QXS (−0.15 and −0.09 V vs Ag/AgCl, respectively, at pH 7.4). QLS is stable for >1 d in PBS (pH 7.4) and for 1 h in tris buffer (pH 9.0), which is sufficient for point-of-care testing. Furthermore, QLS, with its high electron mediation ability, is successfully used in biosensors for sensitive detection of glucose and parathyroid hormone, demonstrating detection limits of ≈0.3 × 10 −3 m and ≈2 pg mL −1 , respectively. This strategy produces organic electron mediators exhibiting rapid dissolution and high stability, and will find broad application beyond quinone-based biosensors.

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Tagging of Model Amphetamines with Sodium 1,2‐Naphthoquinone‐4‐sulfonate: Application to the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Amphetamines in Oral (Saliva) Fluid

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of methamphetamine in undiluted saliva

Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of methamphetamine in undiluted saliva

Analysis of amphetamines in urine with liquid–liquid extraction by capillary electrophoresis with simultaneous electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence detection

Di(Thioether Sulfonate)‐Substituted Quinolinedione as a Rapidly Dissoluble and Stable Electron Mediator and Its Application in Sensitive Biosensors

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