Drugs of abuse: A narrative review of recent trends in biological sample preparation and chromatographic techniques

Scanferla, Deborah Thais Palma; Lini, Renata Sano; Marchioni, Camila; Mossini, Simone Aparecida Galerani

doi:10.1016/j.forc.2022.100442

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 127 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The preparation of complex biological samples prior to LC-MS/MS analysis is critical, as proper sample preparation can ensure the accurate identification and quantification of drugs. Furthermore, selecting the optimal sample preparation method is also integral to ensuring the resultant protocol is reliable and reproducible; for a discussion of the specific advantages and disadvantages of the different sample preparation microextraction-based protocols for drugs of abuse please see the reviews published recently [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Most of the sample preparation techniques presented in the last few years have been rooted in the principles of green chemistry, especially the technique’s miniaturization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another important aspect worth exploring is method automation, as this feature minimizes the need for human sample handling—and thus, the chance of errors and sample manipulation—and enables faster analysis and results regarding the presence and concentration of drugs in a given sample [ 15 ]. When choosing a sample preparation method, it is also important to give special attention to the efficiency and reproducibility of the extraction, the sensitivity of the analysis, the required amounts of solvent and sample, and the cost and time of analysis [ 13 , 15 ]. Recently, several articles have confirmed the interest in many different microextraction-based methods for the analysis of drugs of abuse [ 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Developing and Evaluating the Greenness of a Reliable, All-in-One Thin-Film Microextraction Protocol for Determining Fentanyl, Methadone, and Zolpidem in Plasma, Urine, and Oral Fluid

Goryński,

Sobczak,

Kołodziej

2024

Molecules

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper proposes an all-in-one microextraction-based protocol capable of determining and quantifying fentanyl, methadone, and zolpidem in plasma, urine, and saliva at concentrations below those required by international regulatory organizations. A homemade thin-film microextraction device featuring an octyl–cyanopropyl stationary phase was coupled with LC-MS/MS. The proposed method was developed and validated according to FDA criteria, providing extraction efficiency values ranging from 26.7% to 76.2% with no significant matrix effects (2.6% to 15.5% signal suppression). The developed protocol provided low limits of quantification (mostly equal to 1 ng mL−1) and good reproducibility (intra- and inter-day RSDs of less than 9.6% and 12.0%, respectively) and accuracy (89% to 104% of the test concentration). An assessment of the protocol’s environmental impact indicated that attention must be devoted to eliminating the use of toxic reagents and developing its capability for in situ sampling and in-field analysis using portable instruments. The proposed TFME-based protocol provides clinical laboratories with a versatile, one-step tool that enables the simultaneous monitoring of fentanyl, methadone, and zolpidem using the most popular biological matrices.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing and Evaluating the Greenness of a Reliable, All-in-One Thin-Film Microextraction Protocol for Determining Fentanyl, Methadone, and Zolpidem in Plasma, Urine, and Oral Fluid

Goryński,

Sobczak,

Kołodziej

2024

Molecules

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Drugs are chemical substances that can affect brain activity and exist in several forms, including powders, pills and capsules, liquids, and solids . They can be natural, semisynthetic, or entirely synthetic and are categorized as legal, illicit, or prescription-only. , The drug type, purity, dosage, and route of consumption all have an impact on the human body . Drugs are classed as stimulants, hallucinogens, and depressants based on their physical and psychological impacts .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Multiplex Point-of-Care Platform for Simultaneous Drug Monitoring

Beduk

Bedük

Filho

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Recently, illicit drug use has become more widespread and is linked to problems with crime and public health. These drugs disrupt consciousness, affecting perceptions and feelings. Combining stimulants and depressants to suppress the effect of drugs has become the most common reason for drug overdose deaths. On-site platforms for illicitdrug detection have gained an important role in dealing, without any excess equipment, long process, and training, with drug abuse and drug trafficking. Consequently, the development of rapid, sensitive, noninvasive, and reliable multiplex drug-detecting platforms has become a major necessity. In this study, a multiplex laser-scribed graphene (LSG) sensing platform with one counter, one reference, and three working electrodes was developed for rapid and sensitive electrochemical detection of amphetamine (AMP), cocaine (COC), and benzodiazepine (BZD) simultaneously in saliva samples. The multidetection sensing system was combined with a custom-made potentiostat to achieve a complete point-of-care (POC) platform. Smartphone integration was achieved by a customized application to operate, display, and send data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first multiplex LSG-based electrochemical platform designed for illicit-drug detection with a custom-made potentiostat device to build a complete POC platform. Each working electrode was optimized with standard solutions of AMP, COC, and BZD in the concentration range of 1.0 pg/mL−500 ng/mL. The detection limit of each illicit drug was calculated as 4.3 ng/mL for AMP, 9.7 ng/mL for BZD, and 9.0 ng/mL for COC. Healthy and MET (methamphetamine) patient saliva samples were used for the clinical study. The multiplex LSG sensor was able to detect target analytes in real saliva samples successfully. This multiplex detection device serves the role of a practical and affordable alternative to conventional drug-detection methods by combining multiple drug detections in one portable platform.

show abstract

High‐throughput liquid chromatography‐vacuum differential mobility spectrometry‐mass spectrometry for the analysis of isomeric drugs of abuse in human urine

Cifuentes Girard,

Knight,

Hopfgartner

2024

Drug Testing and Analysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The use of differential mobility spectrometry at low pressure coupled to liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐vDMS‐MS) was investigated for the analysis of 13 drugs of abuse (DoA) including the following: cocaine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaethylene, benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, tramadol, isomeric pairs of metabolites; O‐desmethyl‐cis‐tramadol and N‐desmethyl‐cis‐tramadol, and cannabinoids: Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabidiol, 11‐hydroxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, 11‐nor‐9carboxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, and 11‐nor‐9carboxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol glucuronide. Different parameters were optimized for isomeric separation, such as LC mobile phase composition (20%–100% methanol acetonitrile and isopropanol, flow rate: 8–100 μL/min) and DMS separation voltage. Methanol and acetonitrile significantly affected the compensation voltage of the analytes and improved DMS separation. A short trap/elute LC‐vDMS‐SIM/MS screening method of 1 min was developed to quantify 11 drugs of abuse (except THC/CBD), in addition to a 4‐min LC‐vDMS‐SIM/MS method to identify and quantify five cannabinoids including the isomers THC/CBD and three THC metabolites. THC is the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis and is a controlled substance in comparison to its isomeric counterpart CBD; this highlights the importance and challenges to resolve these isomeric pairs by analytical techniques. The signal responses were linear over a concentration range of 0.005–10 μg/mL for the DoA and 1–1000 ng/mL for cannabinoids. The intraday and interday precision were better than 12.2% and accuracy better than 115%. Urine samples from subjects who tested positive for THC and/or cocaine during roadside drug testing were evaluated to assess the performance of the methods LC‐vDMS‐SIM/MS and LC‐MRM/MS. Results show that the developed LC‐vDMS‐SIM/MS method presents similar performance to LC‐MRM/MS with improved sample throughput.

show abstract

Drugs of abuse: A narrative review of recent trends in biological sample preparation and chromatographic techniques

Cited by 12 publications

References 127 publications

Developing and Evaluating the Greenness of a Reliable, All-in-One Thin-Film Microextraction Protocol for Determining Fentanyl, Methadone, and Zolpidem in Plasma, Urine, and Oral Fluid

Developing and Evaluating the Greenness of a Reliable, All-in-One Thin-Film Microextraction Protocol for Determining Fentanyl, Methadone, and Zolpidem in Plasma, Urine, and Oral Fluid

Smart Multiplex Point-of-Care Platform for Simultaneous Drug Monitoring

High‐throughput liquid chromatography‐vacuum differential mobility spectrometry‐mass spectrometry for the analysis of isomeric drugs of abuse in human urine

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About