We introduce an accurate and efficient method for characterizing surface wetting and interfacial properties, such as the contact angle made by a liquid droplet on a solid surface, and the vapor-liquid surface tension of a fluid. The method makes use of molecular simulations in conjunction with the indirect umbrella sampling technique to systematically wet the surface and estimate the corresponding free energy. To illustrate the method, we study the wetting of a family of Lennard-Jones surfaces by water. We estimate contact angles for surfaces with a wide range of attractions for water by using our method and also by using droplet shapes. Notably, as surface -water attractions are increased, our method is able to capture the transition from partial to complete wetting. Finally, the method is straightforward to implement and computationally efficient, providing accurate contact angle estimates in roughly 5 nanoseconds of simulation time.
A. IntroductionWetting of solid surfaces by fluids is important in diverse disciplines, including but not limited to surface chemistry, materials characterization, oil and gas recovery 1-5 . In general, the wettability of a solid by a fluid is characterized by a wetting coefficient, k ≡ (γ SV − γ SL )/γ VL , where γ represents surface tension, and the subscripts correspond to the coexisting vapor (V), liquid (L) and solid (S) phases. The wetting coefficient is also related to the contact angle (θ ) that a liquid droplet (surrounded by its vapor) makes with a solid surface; according to Young's equation, cos θ = (γ SV − γ SL )/γ VL = k. Thus, the extent to which a fluid prefers to wet a solid, or the preference of the solid for the