DSC of sun-exposed chloroquine phosphate

Abstract

Pharmaceutical intended for use in the tropics are required to maintain their stability under the most severe storage conditions. Chloroquine phosphate, a common antimalarial formulation, was exposed to the sun of the roof topunder the extreme heat of the Saharan climate during the hot and dry season (February to June) at an average day temperature of 43 ~ The heat of melting A H determined by differential scanning calorimetry decreased from 60.1 J/g to 33.2 J/g after exposure for 73 days, corresponding to 49% decomposition. Differential scanning calorimetry is shown by this work to be a rapid and reliable technique for the routine quality control of chloroquine phosphate powders and tablet formulations.Since pharmaceuticals are often organic compounds with well-defined melting points, differnential scanning calorimetry can be used for their easy, rapid and reliable quality control.This technique has been found to be quite appropriate for determination of the deterioration of chloroquine phosphate on exposure to the sun under the severe Saharan climatic conditions obtaining in Sokoto during the dry season (January to May). This study is particularly relevant, because antimalarial formulations including chloroquine phosphate (dominant on the market) are sold locally by traders who in the majority of cases are ignorant of the ideal storage requirements. It is therefore possible that millions of users in the tropics receive the antimalarials after they have been subjected to considerable exposure to the sun.Pure chloroquine phosphate shows a main endothermic peak at 196.5 ~ followed by a small one at 210.3 ~ These peaks are associated with the melting of its two crystalline forms. The heats of melting derived from the integrated peak areas on a DSC scan were used to determine the content of chloroquine phosphate in the sunexposed samples.

Globalization and Socio-Cultural Processes in Contemporary Africa

“…We employ the "global ethnography" methodology put forward by Burawoy et al, 42 which allows us to transcend the local focus of traditional ethnography to embrace analyses that incorporate broader geographical and historical processes that influence and elicit responses from the local. In the context of the time-space compression that defines the information and communication technologies(ICT)globalization nexus, it is important that the ethnographic scope of the study be global even as it focuses on the study of specific locales.…”

“…41 It is not surprising, therefore, to hear of Africa's marginalization in the prevailing discourse on globalization. 42 At the same time, as feminist scholars have long reminded us-through such terms as situated knowledge and God-trick 43 -"what we see depends on where we are looking from." 44 In what follows, it will be demonstrated that when one looks at Africa's ties with globalization from the standpoint of religion, in particular, the picture that emerges is different.…”

“…Sufis often respond to such criticism by stating that although it is an innovation, it is still worth celebrating the birthday of the one who was declared to be the role model for all Muslims. 42 However, there is an area where Salafis and Sufis have convergence: their attitude toward Western cultural globalization, especially the rejection of any adoption of Western views by Senegalese youth and adult Muslims. For instance, Sufis and Salafis both condemn the transfer of certain concepts of the West into Senegalese Society, one of which is secularism or la ï cit é in local parlance, the most widely rejected among all concepts.…”

“…40 According to many scholars, 41 the reasons for this delay were political and not technical as experts in linguistics, education, and curriculum development had done extensive work in preparation for the switch to Swahili in postprimary education. 42 It should be noted that the policy of the Swahili medium for primary school education and English as the medium of instruction for postprimary school education was not without opposition. On one hand, the fear was that the Swahili medium of instruction at the primary education level would result in low academic performance at the secondary education level as a result of inadequate mastery of English, which would be the medium of instruction in secondary schools.…”

“…The principal outcome of this counter-discourse is what I have termed "the liberalized circuit," a concept that should indeed be read from its skeptical semantics. 42 I have used the term to refer to the film and video distribution circuit that grew in a number of African countries in the 1980s after the IMF Structural Adjustment Programs ushered in their economic conditionalities.…”