Dual-color immunofluorescent labeling with quantum dots of the diabetes-associated proteins aldose reductase and Toll-like receptor 4 in the kidneys of diabetic rats

Abstract

Diabetes is one of the major chronic diseases diagnosed worldwide with a common complication of diabetic nephropathy (DN). There are multiple possible mechanisms associated with DN. Aldose reductase (AR) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) may be involved in the occurrence and development of DN. Here, we describe the distribution of AR and TLR4 in cells and renal tissues of diabetic rats through a quantum dot (QD)-based immunofluorescence technique and conventional immunohistochemistry. As a new type of nanosized fluorophore, QDs have been recognized in imaging applications and have broad prospects in biomedical research. The results of the reported study demonstrate that both the AR and the TLR4 proteins were upregulated in the renal tissues of diabetic rats. Further, to explore the relationship between AR and TLR4 in the pathogenesis of DN, a dual-color immunofluorescent labeling technique based on QDs was applied, where the expressions of AR and TLR4 in the renal tissues of diabetic rats were simultaneously observed – for the first time, as far as we are aware. The optimized QD-based immunofluorescence technique has not only shown a satisfying sensitivity and specificity for the detection of biomarkers in cells and tissues, but also is a valuable supplement of immu-nohistochemistry. The QD-based multiplexed imaging technology provides a new insight into the mechanistic study of the correlation among biological factors as well as having potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Current Strategies and Potential Prospects for Nanoparticle-Mediated Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy

“…[114][115][116] The polyethylene glycol coated QDs described by Pollinger et al 114 prolong drug release time in the circulatory system and can also be enriched in the renal mesangium for targeted therapy. In addition, to overcome the limitations of traditional immunohistochemical detection of multiple biomarkers, Liu et al 117 immunofluorescence labeling technology for the application of QD primary antibody probes. Recognizing and binding Aldose reductase (AR) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the linked probe QDs can yield stable and strong fluorescence and provide clearer imaging.…”

“… Compared with conventional IHC, QD-IHC can save lot of time and explore the various pathogenesis of DN. Liu et al 117 Xu et al 113 4.Biological nanoparticles Influenza A virus Nps Cinaciguat (CCG) Mesangial sites in the kidney. NPs active drove CCG to mesangial sites, CCG-carrying NPs is degraded by the endolysosome and cinaciguat (CCG) can specifically bind and activate soluble form of the guanylate cyclase (SGC), then transforms guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to 30.50-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)which down regulation of excessive glomerular fibrosis and hyperproliferation For same dosing effect, the dose carried by NP is only 10% compared with the free CCG concentration.…”