Dual effects of a mixture of grape pomace (Campbell Early) and Omija fruit ethanol extracts on lipid metabolism and the antioxidant defense system in diet-induced obese mice

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESWe investigated the effects of a combination of grape pomace (Vitis labrusca, Campbell Early) and Omija fruit (Schizandra chinensis, Baillon) ethanol extracts on lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense system in diet-induced obese mice.MATERIALS/METHODSForty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups and fed high-fat diet (control group, CON) or high-fat diet added 0.5% grape pomace extract (GPE), 0.05% Omija fruit extract (OFE) or 0.5% GPE plus 0.05% OFE (GPE+OFE) for 12 weeks.RESULTSIn contrast to the GPE- or OFE-supplemented groups, the GPE+OFE group showed significantly lower body weight and white adipose tissue weights than the CON group. Moreover, GPE+OFE supplementation significantly decreased plasma total cholesterol and increased the plasma HDL-cholesterol/total-cholesterol ratio (HTR) compared to the control diet. The hepatic triglyceride level was significantly lower in the GPE+OFE and GPE groups by increasing β-oxidation and decreasing lipogenic enzyme compared to the CON group. Furthermore, GPE+OFE supplementation significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities with a simultaneous decrease in liver H2O2 content compared to the control diet.CONCLUSIONSTogether our results suggest that supplementation with the GPE+OFE mixture may be more effective in improving adiposity, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in high-fat diet-fed mice than those with GPE and OFE alone.

Assessment of the effect of grape seed cake inclusion in the diet of healthy fattening‐finishing pigs

“…Interestingly, the grape seed cake diet produced a significant decrease in cholesterol concentration in the plasma of GS pigs, being in accordance with previous studies on laboratory animals and on humans, which demonstrated the protective antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic effect of grape by‐products or (whole fruit) grape (Cho et al., ; Cui et al., ; Han et al., ). Polyphenols like catechin, gallic acid, epicatechin and other active compounds from grape seed reduced cholesterol absorption through the inhibition of pancreatic cholesterol esterase, which reduce the solubility of cholesterol in micelles and blood (Evans, Wilson, & Guthrie, ; Hui & Howles, ; Ngamukote, Makynen, Thilawech, & Adisakwattana, ).…”

“…Previous studies with grape compounds revealed their significant anti‐inflammatory effect. A reduced expression of the inflammatory mediators after grape compounds action has been described in different cell types from different species (human, rat, mice) (Ahn, Lee, Kim, & Ha, ; Chuang et al., ; Han et al., ). For example, cocoa extracts or single flavonoids (epicatechin, catechin) decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines TNF‐ α , MCP‐1, IL‐6 and IL‐8 in stimulated macrophages and whole blood cells (Perez‐Cano, Massot‐Cladera, Franch, Castellote, & Castell, ); resveratrol, an active polyphenol present in grapes, exerted a chemoprotective effect on rat liver carcinogenesis by decreasing the pro‐inflammatory cytokines (Mbimba et al., ).…”

“…The obese liver might be more sensitive to polyphenol effect. A very recent study on human has already shown the efficacy of a combination of grape pomace and omija fruit extract in significantly decrease of the total cholesterol, LDL‐cholesterol and HDL‐cholesterol levels in the plasma of overweight or obese human subjects (Han et al., ).…”

Targeting interleukin‐β by plant‐derived natural products: Implications for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

“…Omija ( Schizandra chinensis Baillon) fruit is traditionally used in asthma, nonproductive cough, sleep orgasm, nocturnal diaphoresis and chronic diarrhea. It also inhibits oxidative stress, inflammation, diabetes, carcinogenesis and protects against hepatic toxicity (Guo et al, 2008; Han et al, 2015; Jo et al, 2011; Szopa, Ekiert, & Ekiert, 2017). The combination of grape pomace and omija fruit ethanol extract (GO) given to db/db obese mice with type 2 diabetes on an HFD reduced hyperglycemia, adiposity, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress (Cho et al, 2013; Cho et al, 2014; Cho et al, 2015a; Cho et al, 2015b).…”

New dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. fruits

“…The fruits have been utilized for thousands years as a superior drug for therapy of persistent dyspnoea and cough, frequent urination, severe sweating, shortness of breath, hepatitis, diabetes, and wasting-thirsting disease [2]. In addition, the extracts or metabolites from the plant were reported to have various biological efficacies such as anti-tussive, astringent, tonics [3], antioxidant [4], anti-inflammatory [5], anti-aging [6], anti-tumor [7], and inhibition of platelet aggregation [8] effects. The fruit of S. chinensis contains lignans, organic acids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and triterpenoids as major constituents [9].…”