Dual energy gamma tomography system for high pressure multiphase flow

Three-way PLS regression and dual energy gamma densitometry for prediction of total volume fractions and enhanced flow regime identification in multiphase flow

“…A detailed description of the test facility and experiments can be found in literature [10][11][12]. However a brief overview of the most important properties is presented here.…”

“…Multiple research studies have been carried out based on this flow test facility. Frøystein et al [11] applied dual energy gamma tomography in this test facility to determine the local phase distribution in three-phase mixtures. Hoffman and Johnson [12] carried out experiments using a traversable dual energy gamma densitometer for flow regime identification with process conditions which were considered realistic field conditions.…”

Applications of tomography in mineral transportation

“…However, for a three-phase flow system, two independent measurements of the phase fractions are usually required; the fraction of the third phase will be obtained from their relation that the summation of the three-phase fractions is unity. A different technology is needed, such as capacitance measurements; furthermore, if only a radiation-based method is preferred, then two independent measurements can be obtained using the dual-energy technique (Frøystein, Kvandal, & Aakre, 2005). One typical example of measuring the phase fraction of a threelayered oilegasewater three-phase flow by a two-beam (one vertical and one horizontal) X-ray CT is shown in Figure 16.1.…”

Design and Dynamic Characterization of an Orientation Insensitive Microwave Water-Cut Sensor

“…Similarly the WC sensors based on IR spectroscopy, like the one from Weatherford, performs its spectroscopy on the small portion of the mixture and also intrudes the mixture flowing through the pipeline [12]. "Vx Spectra" developed by Schlumberger makes use of multi-energy gamma rays which can measure the phase fractions of oil, water and gas [13], [14]. As the gamma rays make use of radioactive sources, its handling and disposal becomes a critical safety issue.…”