“…[23][24][25][26][27] Due to its benets of affordable fabrication, improved electrochemical redox characteristics, long-term durability, superior reproducibility, etc., the enzyme-free electrochemical detection of lactic acid and glucose has received serious consideration and made signicant development in recent years. 28,29 Over recent years, there have been several enzyme-free electrochemical sensors utilizing a variety of nanostructured materials, comprising noble metallic nanoparticles (gold (Au), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), and their alloy metals), [30][31][32] transition metal oxides (copper oxide (CuO), nickel oxide (NiO), manganese oxide (MnO 2 ), Co 3 O 4 , and their nanocomposites), 33,34 graphene nanocomposites, 35 metal-organic frameworks, 36,37 and transition metal chalcogenides, 15,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] were developed. As depicted in Fig.…”