Dual-tasking postural control: Aging and the effects of cognitive demand in conjunction with focus of attention

Huxhold, Oliver; Li, Shu-Chen; Schmiedek, Florian; Lindenberger, Ulman

doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.01.002

Cited by 513 publications

(457 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(165 reference statements)

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“…This explanation is convincing and a good account of their finding of enhanced temporal binding under effort. Nevertheless, their finding is contrary to what one might predict given that it is known that physical effort depletes cognitive resources, which is associated with time expansion, not compression, and that the depletion of cognitive resources reduces motor control and awareness -elements fundamental for agency ascription (Block et al, 2010;Block et al, 2016;Huxhold et al, 2006;Kannape et al, 2014). Hence, it EFFORT DISRUPTS IMPLICIT AGENCY 9 might be expected that the opposite effect would be observed; that exertion would result in disrupted -not enhanced -intentional binding.…”

Section: Sense Of Agency and Effortmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Dual process accounts of cognitive and motor control also lend indirect support for this cognitive resource competition theory for sense of agency (Huxhold et al, 2006;Lacour EFFORT DISRUPTS IMPLICIT AGENCY 28 et al, 2008). Cognitive loading causes a reduction in balance and movement accuracy due to limited cognitive resource availability for motor awareness (Kannape et al, 2014;Lindenberger et al, 2000;Woollacott & Shumway-Cook, 2002).…”

Section: Potential Mechanisms For Reduced Sense Of Agency Under Effortmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dual task paradigms employing mental arithmetic, memory tasks and fine motor movements during balance, gait, posture and walking tasks have shown reductions in motor control and motor awareness (Kannape, Barré, Aminian & Blanke, 2014;Lindenberger, Marsiske & Baltes, 2000;Woollacott & Shumway-Cook, 2002). Dual task performance models suggest that motor control and cognitive activity compete for cognitive resources (Huxhold, Li, Schmiedek & Lindenberger, 2006;Lacour, Bernard-Demanze & Dumitrescu, 2008). In such cases motor control and awareness become less efficient due to cross-domain resource competition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

2016

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We investigated the effect of effort on implicit agency ascription for actions performed under varying levels of physical effort or cognitive load. People are able to estimate the interval between two events accurately, but they underestimate the interval between their own actions and their outcomes. This effect is known as 'intentional binding', and may provide feedback regarding the consequences of our actions. Concurrently with the interval reproduction task, our participants pulled sports resistance bands at high and low resistance levels (Experiments 1 and 2), or performed a working memory task with high and low set-sizes (Experiment 3).Intentional binding was greater under low than high effort. When the effort was task-related (Experiment 1), this effect depended on the individual's explicit appraisal of exertion, while the effect of effort was evident at the group level when the effort was task-unrelated (physical, Experiment 2; mental, Experiment 3). These findings imply that the process of intentional binding is compromised when cognitive resources are depleted, either through physical or mental strain. We discuss this notion in relation to the integration of direct sensorimotor feedback with signals of agency and other instances of cognitive resource depletion and action control during strain.Keywords: Sense of agency, temporal binding, intentional binding, experience of effort, time perception. EFFORT DISRUPTS IMPLICIT AGENCY 3 Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agencyIt is important that the human motor system can efficiently process events which are the result of its own actions, and to discriminate these from events in the world for which it is not responsible. For instance, if I kick a ball and it knocks over and smashes a vase of flowers, I know my action of kicking the ball was responsible for the vase smashing. Selfauthored events like this tend to be easy to identify and this feeling that 'I did it' is known as a sense of agency. Some actions are more effortful than others; kicking a ball as hard as one can might break a vase, but so might brushing one's arm against it as one walks past it precariously positioned near the edge of a table. Both these actions have the same outcome, but might require the action monitoring system to respond differently in order to correctly ascribe agency. Here, we tested the role of physical and mental effort on the ascription of sense of agency, using an implicit measure.

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Section: Sense Of Agency and Effortmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Potential Mechanisms For Reduced Sense Of Agency Under Effortmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

2016

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“…The relationship between cognitive activity and posture control can be examined using dual-task methods that apply a cognitively demanding task during a posture task (see Woollacott & Shumway-Cook [3] for a review). These studies suggest that concurrent cognitive activity can interfere with motor control, and that interference is greater in older adults [4,5]. These findings have important implications for complex motor tasks that require large cognitive resources, as the addition of a cognitive task may lead to misallocation of resources, and impaired motor control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Stepping over obstacles: Attention demands and aging

2009

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Older adults have been shown to trip on obstacles despite taking precautions to step carefully. It has been demonstrated in dual-task walking that age-related decline in cognitive and attentional mechanisms can compromise postural management. This is yet to be substantiated during obstacle negotiation when walking. Forty-six healthy volunteers (aged 20-79 years) stepped over obstacles in their path whilst walking and performing a verbal fluency task. Using 3D kinematic analysis we compared obstacle crossing during single (obstacle crossing only) and dual-task (obstacle crossing with verbal task) conditions. We grouped the participants into three age groups and examined age-related changes to cognitive interference on obstacle crossing. During dual-task trials, the 20-29 and 60-69 groups stepped closer to the obstacles prior to crossing, increased vertical toe-obstacle clearance, and had reduced gait variability. In these two groups there was a small dual-task decrease in verbal output. The 70-79 group applied similar dual-task stepping strategies during precrossing. However, during crossing they showed reduced vertical toe-to-obstacle clearance and increased variability of obstacle-to-heel distance. Additionally, this group did not show any significant change to verbal output across trials. These results suggest that with advanced age, increased cognitive demands are more likely to have a detrimental impact on motor performance, leading to compromised safety margins and increased variability in foot placement. We conclude that younger adults utilise a posture-preserving strategy during complex tasks but the likelihood of this strategy being used decreases with advanced age.

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“…On this basis it is reasonable to infer that diabetes status may impact upon episodic memory performance to a greater extent under conditions of increased cognitive load. Cognitive load has been demonstrated previously to impact upon processes essential to daily living; for example, postural control has been found to be compromised under dual-task conditions in healthy older adults (26), and in older adults with DM2 (7). It is therefore of interest to investigate the extent to which increases in cognitive load impact upon memory performance in DM2 older adults, relative to healthy age-matched controls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%