Dual-View Single-Shot Multibox Detector at Urban Intersections: Settings and Performance Evaluation

Abstract

The explosion of artificial intelligence methods has paved the way for more sophisticated smart mobility solutions. In this work, we present a multi-camera video content analysis (VCA) system that exploits a single-shot multibox detector (SSD) network to detect vehicles, riders, and pedestrians and triggers alerts to drivers of public transportation vehicles approaching the surveilled area. The evaluation of the VCA system will address both detection and alert generation performance by combining visual and quantitative approaches. Starting from a SSD model trained for a single camera, we added a second one, under a different field of view (FOV) to improve the accuracy and reliability of the system. Due to real-time constraints, the complexity of the VCA system must be limited, thus calling for a simple multi-view fusion method. According to the experimental test-bed, the use of two cameras achieves a better balance between precision (68%) and recall (84%) with respect to the use of a single camera (i.e., 62% precision and 86% recall). In addition, a system evaluation in temporal terms is provided, showing that missed alerts (false negatives) and wrong alerts (false positives) are typically transitory events. Therefore, adding spatial and temporal redundancy increases the overall reliability of the VCA system.

Modbus Extension Server Implementation for BIoT-Enabled Smart Switch Embedded System Device

“…Before the advent of these technologies, installing and configuring an SH system was a complicated step, as wired systems and infrared sensors were used, which were considered challenging, complicating the installation step and affecting user comfort. Nowadays, wireless technologies for SHs, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy, and ZigBee [ 13 , 14 ], are helping the development of SH systems and SCs [ 15 ], in addition to enabling remote control via smartphone apps [ 16 , 17 ]. Classical SHs, IoT, and CC are the building blocks for achieving an advanced level of integrated home automation systems.…”

“…When the current device sends the response on the bus, if the slot address does not match the device's ModbusE address for the corresponding response slots, the myTaskServerMBEcycle task moves the data from the application memory organized by Modbus data and addressing model into the slot with the function "void vexecuteRecvSlotWriteRegs(uint8_t SlotIndex)" given the Modbus read functions 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 23 based on the information in the MY_SLO_PARAM slot structure. For slots with Modbus APDU, i.e., when the slot address matches the Modbus address of the device, the myTaskServerMBEcycle task moves the data and responds if necessary according to the Modbus specifications for functions 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,11,15,16,22,23, directly using the information in the request with the function "void vModbusExecuteFunctions(void)". As the highest priority task, it will perform atomic read/write operations.…”