DualFog-IoT: Additional Fog Layer for Solving Blockchain Integration Problem in Internet of Things

Memon, Raheel Ahmed; Li, Jian Ping; Nazeer, Muhammad Irshad; Khan, Ahmad Neyaz; Ahmed, Junaid

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2952472

Cited by 57 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Authors of [8] proposed virtual segregation of the fog layer into two clusters. One of them behaves similarly as a middle layer between the Things and the cloud.…”

Section: A Internet Of Things Applications (Iot)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), Energy consumption, and connectivity into long distances and periods of time [7]. IoT-Cloud integration solved some of these challenges like providing processing power and unlimited storage, leading to have more than five billion devices connected nowadays to the internet on account of IoT [8]. FC, as the extension of CC is expected to solve more issues such as some privacy issues, energy consumption, real-time applications, and connectivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Survey on Blockchain-Fog Integration Approaches

Baniata

Kertész

2020

IEEE Access

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Fog computing (FC) is the extension of Cloud Computing (CC), from the core of the internet architecture to the edge of the network, with the aim to perform processes closer to end-users. This extension is proven to enhance security, and to reduce latency and energy consumption. Blockchain (BC), on the other hand, is the base technology behind crypto-currencies, yet is implemented in wide range of different applications. The security and reliability, along with the distributed trust management criteria proposed in BC, excited the research community to integrate it with FC, in a step towards reaching a distributed and trusted, Data, Payment, Reputation, and Identity management systems. In this survey we present the upto-date state-of-the-art of FC-BC integration with a detailed literature review and classification. We discuss and categorize the related papers according to the year of publication, domain, used algorithms, BC roles, and the placement of the BC in the FC architecture. Our research presents detailed observations, analysis, and open challenges for the BC-FC integration. We believe such conclusions may clarify the vision of the BC-FC integration, and calibrate the compass towards open issues and future research directions.

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“…Authors of [8] proposed virtual segregation of the fog layer into two clusters. One of them behaves similarly as a middle layer between the Things and the cloud.…”

Section: A Internet Of Things Applications (Iot)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Blockchain-Fog Integration Approaches

Baniata

Kertész

2020

IEEE Access

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“…In addition, a few number of works provided an in-depth study on the integration and interoperability of the cloud/fog/edge computing environments. The most recent works [48,49] presented a comprehensive study on the integration in a hierarchical manner and challenges of cloud/fog/edge continuum. The authors clearly show hierarchical architectures of cloud/fog/edge ecosystems for a variety of IoT applications in practice including urban computing, mobile applications, and industrial IoT.…”

Section: Background On Internet Of Thingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the works [48][49][50], we propose to adopt a hierarchical architecture of integrated three-layer ecosystems of cloud/fog/edge computing paradigms for an IoT infrastructure as follows:…”

Section: Background On Internet Of Thingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hierarchical Modeling and Analysis Framework for Availability and Security Quantification of IoT Infrastructures

2020

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Modeling a complete Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure is crucial to assess its availability and security characteristics. However, modern IoT infrastructures often consist of a complex and heterogeneous architecture and thus taking into account both architecture and operative details of the IoT infrastructure in a monolithic model is a challenge for system practitioners and developers. In that regard, we propose a hierarchical modeling framework for the availability and security quantification of IoT infrastructures in this paper. The modeling methodology is based on a hierarchical model of three levels including (i) reliability block diagram (RBD) at the top level to capture the overall architecture of the IoT infrastructure, (ii) fault tree (FT) at the middle level to elaborate system architectures of the member systems in the IoT infrastructure, and (iii) continuous time Markov chain (CTMC) at the bottom level to capture detailed operative states and transitions of the bottom subsystems in the IoT infrastructure. We consider a specific case-study of IoT smart factory infrastructure to demonstrate the feasibility of the modeling framework. The IoT smart factory infrastructure is composed of integrated cloud, fog, and edge computing paradigms. A complete hierarchical model of RBD, FT, and CTMC is developed. A variety of availability and security measures are computed and analyzed. The investigation of the case-study’s analysis results shows that more frequent failures in cloud cause more severe decreases of overall availability, while faster recovery of edge enhances the availability of the IoT smart factory infrastructure. On the other hand, the analysis results of the case-study also reveal that cloud servers’ virtual machine monitor (VMM) and virtual machine (VM), and fog server’s operating system (OS) are the most vulnerable components to cyber-security attack intensity. The proposed modeling and analysis framework coupled with further investigation on the analysis results in this study help develop and operate the IoT infrastructure in order to gain the highest values of availability and security measures and to provide development guidelines in decision-making processes in practice.

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“…3 that, Internet of Things gave birth to several new field such as Digital Business Technology Platform, Digital Twin, IoT Security, IoT Services, Indoor Location for People, Edge Analysis [14]. However, this could be considered only the start, it's possible that tomorrow IoT field would give birth to several new fields and Gartner would be showing only www.ijacsa.thesai.org different fields of IoT on its overall hype cycle [15] [16]. It's a fact that IoT is tomorrow's technology which will replace every development contradicting to this.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FLA-IoT: Virtualization Enabled Architecture for Heterogeneous Systems in Internet of Things

Memon¹,

Memon²,

Ahmed³

et al. 2020

IJACSA

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A flexible architecture is always required when trying to communicate with heterogeneous kind of systems, and IoT is the largest communication network of the history, which is bringing life to everything around us. Currently available three and four layered communication architectures are the popular basic structures to implement IoT. Where three Layers architecture is composed of perception, network and application layers and four layer architecture is composed of perception, network, service, application layer. The problem with existing architectures is that some layers are not well managed and complex in structure and lacks in the interoperability of different kind devices. In this research we present a virtualization enabled architecture Flexible Layered Architecture for Internet of Things (FLA-IoT) to overcome those challenges. FLA-IoT provides a simple structure with well-organized layers and introduces the creation of Virtual Mote (virtual object) from all real-world devices to enable the communication between unlike devices. This results in an indiscriminate communication between different real-world devices with a well-managed layered architecture.

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DualFog-IoT: Additional Fog Layer for Solving Blockchain Integration Problem in Internet of Things

Cited by 57 publications

References 64 publications

A Survey on Blockchain-Fog Integration Approaches

A Survey on Blockchain-Fog Integration Approaches

A Hierarchical Modeling and Analysis Framework for Availability and Security Quantification of IoT Infrastructures

FLA-IoT: Virtualization Enabled Architecture for Heterogeneous Systems in Internet of Things

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