Duckweed Bioconversion and Fish Production in Treated Domestic Wastewater

Partial Replacement of Fishmeal with Duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) in Feed for Two Carnivorous Fish Species, Eurasian Perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…Duckweed is a promising plant-based protein source for fsh feeds, and its application as a feed component in diets for herbivorous or omnivorous fsh such as carp or tilapia has been studied repeatedly, testing diferent duckweed species and concentrations [29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. However, according to our knowledge, duckweed has not been tested as fshmeal substitute for Eurasian perch, and only two studies have reported on the utilization of duckweed in rainbow trout.…”

“…Up to now, diferent duckweed species have been used with varying success as a feed component or fshmeal replacement in several fsh species. Most of the studies have been conducted in fsh of the lower trophic levels belonging to the families of cichlids [31][32][33] and cyprinids [29,30,48]. Te responses and performance of the diferent fsh species depended strongly on the experimental setup and duckweed inclusion levels, as well as on duckweed protein content and quality.…”

Use of a duckweed pond for the domestic wastewater polishing in Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil

“…De Matos et al (2014) achieved a reduction of 62.3 percent of total coliforms and 92.6 percent of Escherichia coli in domestic wastewater treated with duckweeds. Such removal occurs because duckweeds and bacteria compete for nutrients as well as due to the harvest process biomass.…”

“…The duckweeds have been widely and efficiently used in treating contaminated water for about 30 years, due to, among other factors, its capacity of adapting to a wide range of pH, temperature and nutrient concentration (Landolt and Kandeler, 1987; Fedler and Duan, 2011). This group of plants has great capacity of removing phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, as well as it reduces the concentrations of organic matter and suspended solids (Körner and Vermaat, 1998; Zimmo et al , 2002; Xu and Shen, 2011; Mohedano et al , 2014; De Matos et al , 2014).…”

Study on the fate of antimicrobial compounds in Lemna minor constructed wetland systems and investigation of the characteristics of the produced biomass

“…The duckweeds had been primarily used for the treatment of different types of wastewater, the elimination of heavy metals from contaminated waters as well as toxicity testers (Matos et al, 2014;Mohedano et al, 2012).However,recent studies have shown that the cultivation of duckweeds in different types of wastewater resulted to high amounts of biomass production with high crude proteinand starch contentdue to their ability to metabolize ammonia directly from water depending on harvesting time and nutrient content (Verma et al, 2015;Matos et al, 2014;Mohedano et al, 2012). The protein content in some types of duckweeds has been reported to range between 15% and 45% dry weight, depending on the cultivating and growing conditions (Mohedano et al, 2012;Zhao et al, 2015;Xu et al, 2011c).…”