Duplex ultrasonography of the common carotid artery and external jugular vein of cows

Hoegger

2008

Veterinary Record

The morphology and diameter of the milk vein of 29 healthy Swiss braunvieh cows and the velocity of blood flow through it was measured by colour Doppler ultrasonography before and 10 minutes after they had been sedated with 0·03 mg/kg xylazine. The milk vein was situated immediately under the skin. It had a diameter of 0·8 to 1·6 cm and valves were visible in the milk vein of 12 of the cows. The spectral display appeared as a broad band structure with a wave‐like course. The Doppler measurement point was 0·4 to 0·8 cm from the body surface. The diameter of the vein and the blood flow velocity did not differ significantly before and after the cows were sedated. The mean (sd) diameter of the milk vein before they were sedated was 1·3 (0·3) cm. The mean maximum blood flow velocity before they were sedated was 45·4 (12·5) cm/second, the mean velocity was 33·5 (9·5) cm/second, and the mean minimum was 25·8 (11·6) cm/second. There were significant correlations between the blood flow velocities before and after the cows were sedated and between individual cow's blood flow velocities, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0·69 to 0·94.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The examinations were made on sedated and unsedated cows because sedation may affect the diameter and velocity of blood flow through the vessel, and sedation is commonly required for the examination of cattle (Braun and Föhn 2005). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

B‐mode and colour Doppler ultrasonography of the milk vein in 29 healthy Swiss braunvieh cows

Hoegger

2008

Veterinary Record

“…The milk vein and musculophrenic vein are particularly amenable to Doppler ultrasonographic examination because of their superficial location, and cows tolerate examination of these veins better than the jugular vein [4]. The milk vein drains blood from the udder.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

B-mode and colour Doppler sonographic examination of the milk vein and musculophrenic vein in dry cows and cows with a milk yield of 10 and 20 kg

Forster

2012

Acta Vet Scand

Self Cite

BackgroundThis study investigated the effect of milk yield on blood flow variables in the milk vein and musculophrenic vein in dairy cows.MethodsFive healthy dry cows, five cows with a daily milk yield of 10 kg and five others with a daily milk yield of 20 kg underwent B-mode and colour Doppler sonographic examination. The diameter of the veins, blood flow velocities and blood flow volumes were measured on both sides in standing, non-sedated cows using a 7.5 MHz linear transducer.ResultsLactating cows had significantly higher blood flow velocities in the milk vein than dry cows; the maximum blood flow velocity of dry cows and those with a daily milk yield of 10 and 20 kg were 14.04, 38.77 and 39.49 cm/s, respectively, the minimum velocities were 0.63, 3.02 and 2.64 cm/s, respectively, and the mean maximum velocities were 8.21, 26.67 und 28.22 cm/s, respectively. Cows producing 20 kg of milk a day had a blood flow volume of 3.09 l/min, which was significantly higher than 0.79 l/min recorded in dry cows. Lactating cows had significantly higher mean maximum blood flow velocities in the musculophrenic vein than dry cows. Blood flow variables of both veins did not differ significantly between the left and right side.ConclusionThis study showed that milk yield has a profound effect on blood flow variables in the milk vein and to a lesser extent the musculophrenic vein. This must be taken into consideration in future Doppler sonographic studies of these veins and possibly other vessels. Furthermore, measurements on one side are representative of both sides.

“…The maximum blood flow velocity was a mean of 45 cm/s in the milk vein (Hoegger 2006, Braun andHoegger 2007), 55 cm/s 9 (Hoegger 2006) to 65 cm/s (Föhn 1992, Braun andFöhn 2005) in the jugular vein and 90 cm/s in the musculophrenic vein. Although the diameter of the jugular vein increased and its blood flow velocity decreased after administration of xylazine, these effects were only slight and not significant in the musculophrenic and milk veins.…”

Section: Doppler Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The examinations were done on sedated and nonsedated cows because sedation may affect blood vessel diameter and blood flow velocity. The information thus gained is useful for the veterinarian because sedation is commonly required for the examination of cattle (Braun and Föhn 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colour-Doppler sonography of the musculophrenic vein in cows

Hoegger

Haessig

2009

The Veterinary Journal

The goal of the present study was to examine the musculophrenic vein of 29 healthy Swiss Braunvieh cows using colour-Doppler sonography to determine vessel morphology and diameter, and blood flow velocity. The hair over the reticular region was clipped, and the left musculophrenic vein was examined before and 10min after sedation using 0.03mg/kg xylazine. The musculophrenic vein appeared as a vessel with a diameter of 0.5-1.1cm located in the diaphragmatic musculature. The spectral display was a broad band structure with a wave-like shape. The Doppler measurement point was 1.5-2.7cm from the body surface. The diameter of the vein and the blood flow velocity did not differ significantly before and after sedation. Before sedation, the mean diameter (+/-SD) of the musculophrenic vein was 0.7 (0.2) cm, the maximum blood flow velocity 90.2 (38.6) cm/s, the mean blood flow velocity 60.4 (22.3) cm/s and the minimum blood flow velocity 41.4 (24.2) cm/s. There were significant correlations (r=0.45-0.90) between blood flow velocity before and after sedation and between minimum, maximum and mean blood flow velocities.