Durability Issues and Corrosion of Structural Materials and Systems in Farm Environment

Abstract

This review paper investigated the durability and corrosion of materials used in the construction of agricultural buildings. Even though concrete and metal were the materials of choice in the construction of farm structures, they are susceptible to corrosion and environmental degradation. Acid attacks result in the oxidation of metals and mass losses and reduced compressive strength of the metal structures. Concrete structures are degraded in high humidity environments, such as lagoons, agricultural effluents, and animal manure. Poultry, cow, and pig manure contain variable quantities of corrosion-inducing chemicals, such as sulfates, nitrates, chlorides, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia. However, the degradation of concrete structures can be mitigated by the utilization of modified concrete containing sulfur, fly ash, silica fume, and nanoparticles such as silica. Concrete structures made of fiber-reinforced polymers are less prone to corrosion and are more durable. The design for durability has also emerged as a viable option for optimizing the service life of agricultural buildings by adhering to the exposure limits.

Development of a method of protection of concrete floors of animal buildings from corrosion at the expense of using dry disinfectants

“…Prolonged exposure of concrete structures to manure, agricultural runoff and other chemicals leads to hydration of the cement, the formation of calcite crystals, and the breakdown of the structure. In addition, poultry manure has been associated with a pronounced risk of corrosion compared to pig or cattle manure, possibly due to high concentrations of H 2 S and NH 3 and other corrosive agents [10]. Researchers have proposed the use of sulfate-resistant cement for concrete flooring in the construction of livestock farms.…”

Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Agricultural Structures

“…For example, wooden and concrete agricultural buildings for poultry and dairy production are continuously exposed to liquid waste from dairy and poultry manure, which diminishes the rigidity and strength of wood [ 50 ] and corrodes the metal reinforcements in concrete. On average, the building structures are corroded at a rate of 0.0474–0.0094 g/cm 2 /month [ 5 ] (see Table 5 ). The corrosion rate could be higher depending on humidity, temperature, and the presence or absence of a protective coating.…”

“…In a majority of applications, caramel electrodes are used as the reference electrodes for the best accuracy. Considering that the risk of probable corrosion varies widely across different farm environments (dairy, poultry, and swine manure) [ 5 ], the type of electrochemical sensors used should be customized to improve the accuracy in health monitoring.…”

“…The scope of the review focuses on sensors for measuring chloride ingress [ 2 ], corrosion activity, carbonation, concrete (electrical) resistivity, permittivity, and stress/strain [ 3 ] and the following thematic areas: sensors for monitoring and health diagnosis of agricultural structures, sensors for concrete, steel, timber [ 4 ], electrochemical, fiber optic, wireless, ultrasonic, fiber Bragg grating sensors, self-sensing materials, the utility of sensors in facilitating the repair process, mitigation of failure, initiation of appropriate action, improving the durability and useful life, and the replacement of agricultural structures. The measurement of corrosion activity is critical in steel farm structures, given the higher susceptibility to redox reactions and gradual environmental degradation [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Modeling of influence of microbiological aggressive media on corrosion of cement stone

“…The literature shows that more than 40% of the total volume of biological injuries is related to the activity of microorganisms -bacteria and fungi [6][7][8]13]. To a greater extent, biodamages of building materials are caused by products of the metabolism of microorganisms [9][10][11]14].These processes are particularly intense in environments of biogenic organic and inorganic acids, which are typical for sewage treatment plants and wastewater treatment plants made of cement concrete [15,16]. The intensity of corrosion processes when exposed to metabolic products is determined by the rate of chemical reactions at the phase contact boundary and the rate of their diffusion into the material structure.…”