Durability of Ag based low-emissivity coatings

Nadel, S.

doi:10.1116/1.574725

Cited by 30 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…This minimizes the flow of heat from inside to outside and vice versa without the loss of natural light. [1,[3][4][5][6] The total thickness of all silver layers must be less than 40 nm thick to allow for optical transmittance. [1,7,8] Low-E coatings are complex stacks of different materials, each serving a specific purpose, which aim to maximize both IR reflection and transmission of visible light.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One way to achieve this is by depth profiling through the low-E coating and collecting data at various depths. Techniques, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), [5,6,12] Auger electron spectroscopy, [4,6,10,13] and ToF-SIMS have been previously shown to be suitable for this task. [5,12,14,15] Using prior knowledge of the film, each of the main constituents of the film can be identified by a characteristic element or ion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This minimizes the flow of heat from inside to outside and vice versa without the loss of natural light. [ 1,3–6 ] The total thickness of all silver layers must be less than 40 nm thick to allow for optical transmittance. [ 1,7,8 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Profiling a Low Emissivity Glass Coating with ToF‐SIMS and Machine Learning

Bamford,

Jones,

Gardner

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Inter

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Characterization of multilayer coatings in 3D presents many challenges, as composition can change by area and by depth. Compositional characteristics of the interior of multilayer coatings emerge during analysis, so are frequently discovered only through exacting retrospective investigations. Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) can be used to elucidate such complex systems; however, data analysis is a challenge. In this work a detail presentation is done of 3D chemical characterization of a low emissivity (low‐E) double silver coating on glass using ToF‐SIMS and machine learning. An unsupervised machine learning technique, the self‐organizing map with relational perspective mapping, is used to visualize the chemical similarity between different layers of the low‐E film. Repeating layers are easily identified at the single‐voxel level, based on their entire mass spectra, and are classified as chemically indistinguishable. All major film components are identified, including the use of SnO2 as a dielectric, ZnO seeding layers, TiOx blocking layers, a Zn base layer, and a TiOx topcoat. The thin optically active silver layers are examined in detail, demonstrating subtle chemical changes with depth. This technique provides excellent insight into manufacturing processes and production challenges and has excellent potential in forensic applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Profiling a Low Emissivity Glass Coating with ToF‐SIMS and Machine Learning

Bamford,

Jones,

Gardner

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Inter

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“…Few studies have reported on the corrosion of Ag/Ag-alloy-based TCO deposited on a polymer substrate. Nadel et al [14] found film cracking, peeling of the ZnO top layer, and agglomeration using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after 24 h of exposure of ZnO/Ag/ZnO/glass to water containing sodium chloride. The agglomerated material was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in SEM and was identified as being rich in Ag.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Corrosion, Fatigue, and Corrosion-fatigue of Multilayer Coated Polyesters for Flexible Electronics Applications

Mohammed

Ameen

Street

et al. 2021

e-J. Surf. Sci. Nanotechnol.

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We investigated the electrical and optical properties of ITO/Ag-alloy/ITO films in a corrosive NaCl solution. The effects of bending fatigue combined with aggressive environments provided by the salt solution were also studied. It is shown that exposure to the salt solution can cause the ITO/Ag-alloy/ITO performance to degrade over time. In addition, greater changes in electrical resistance and lower values of optical transmittance were observed at higher concentrations of the salt solution. The combination of stress and corrosion by the aqueous NaCl solution was found to significantly reduce the conductivity of the ITO/Ag-alloy/ITO film. Furthermore, it is shown that the presence of structural defects in the deposited films can provide a driving force to form Ag agglomerations that, in turn, degrade the conductivity of the ITO/Ag-alloy/ITO film. This suggests that defects in the film should be minimized to avoid excessive corrosion.

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“…This is crucial, as it is well known that the inner metallic silver layers are not stable and that they are especially sensitive to moisture. Several reports have been published on the moisture-induced degradation of sputtered low-ε coatings containing silver, concluding that high concentrations of chlorides could lead to the corrosion of the stack [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Therefore, contact with moisture and chlorides is detrimental for the low-ε properties of these stacks and should be protected with an additional coating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thickness Characterization Toolbox for Transparent Protective Coatings on Polymer Substrates

et al. 2018

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The thickness characterization of transparent protective coatings on functional, transparent materials is often problematic. In this paper, a toolbox to determine the thicknesses of a transparent coating on functional window films is presented. The toolbox consists of a combination of secondary ion mass spectrometry and profilometry and can be transferred to other transparent polymeric materials. A coating was deposited on designed model samples, which were characterized with cross-sectional views in transmission and in scanning/transmission electron microscopy and ellipsometry. The toolbox was then used to assess the thicknesses of the protective coatings on the pilot-scale window films. This coating was synthesized using straightforward sol-gel alkoxide chemistry. The kinetics of the condensation are studied in order to obtain a precursor that allows fast drying and complete condensation after simple heat treatment. The shelf life of this precursor solution was investigated in order to verify its accordance to industrial requirements. Deposition was performed successfully at low temperatures below 100 °C, which makes deposition on polymeric foils possible. By using roll-to-roll coating, the findings of this paper are easily transferrable to industrial scale. The coating was tested for scratch resistance and adhesion. Values for the emissivity (ε) of the films were recorded to justify the use of the films obtained as infrared reflective window films. In this work, it is shown that the toolbox measures similar thicknesses to those measured by electron microscopy and can be used to set a required thickness for protective coatings.

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Durability of Ag based low-emissivity coatings

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Profiling a Low Emissivity Glass Coating with ToF‐SIMS and Machine Learning

Profiling a Low Emissivity Glass Coating with ToF‐SIMS and Machine Learning

The Effects of Corrosion, Fatigue, and Corrosion-fatigue of Multilayer Coated Polyesters for Flexible Electronics Applications

Thickness Characterization Toolbox for Transparent Protective Coatings on Polymer Substrates

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