Durability of antidepressant response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation (tES and TMS) for addiction medicine: A consensus paper on the present state of the science and the road ahead

“…In order to establish protocols for clinically relevant long-lasting effects, an ongoing effort of research has been dedicated to exploring the effects of repeating stimulation, either by applying stimulation daily over several days or weeks, or repeating stimulation within a single daily session, separated by a critical time window. In general, repeating stimulation over multiple days has demonstrated efficacy in various clinical applications, such as treatment of bipolar disorder, pain and depression for tDCS (Sampaio-Junior et al, 2018;Kuo et al, 2014;Sampaio-Junior et al, 2018), as well as treatment of depression using rTMS (Rapinesi et al, 2015a;Senova et al, 2019). In fact, the number of repetitions may even play a decisive role, as in one study, it was found that at least 4-6 weeks of daily rTMS over left DLPFC was required to induce significant clinical improvement by active compared with sham TMS (O'Reardon et al, 2007), whereas a parallel study which performed rTMS for 3 weeks found no difference in response between active and sham rTMS (Herwig et al, 2007).…”

The effect of fornix deep brain stimulation in brain diseases

“…In addition, fornix DBS has only been performed so far in an open-loop manner in which stimulation is delivered continuously regardless of the physiological signals. However, it has been hypothesized that the timing and rhythmicity of neuromodulation may be crucial for functional activation of memory circuits that lead to long-term effectiveness [87,88]. It has been shown in mice that DBS can enhance encoding and retrieval functions through theta phase-specific manipulation of the hippocampus [89] because they encompass different neurophysiological phenomena [90].…”

Cost-utility analysis of curative and maintenance repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treatment-resistant unipolar depression: a randomized controlled trial protocol

“…With the collection and analysis of all these elements extracted from a large sample with a long-term follow-up, we hope to be able to evaluate the global depression budgetary impact, including TAU and rTMS care, and to highlight the potential economic profit of the most efficient strategy over time after a complete health economic assessment, including data about TAU. Moreover, even today, evidence of utility and the optimal strategy of M-rTMS are still unclear and need more investigation on the long-term use of randomized controlled trials as our study [74]. The present study should provide a data collection near the current clinical practice that will be useful to precise further medico-economic hypothesis in the field.…”