Durable composites by vulcanization of oleyl-esterified lignin

Abstract

Oleic acid is used to esterify lignin and the esterified lignin reacts with elemental sulfur and different temperatures to produce composites with compressional and flexural strength that can exceed that of traditional Portland cement.

Transesterification‐vulcanization route to durable composites from post‐consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate), terpenoids, and industrial waste sulfur

“…The percent crystallinities of CPS and GPS are comparable to those of other HSMs containing PET oligomers such as mPES (percent crystallinity = 34%) a composite made by vulcanization of oleyl‐derivatized PET oligomers with 90% sulfur under the same reaction conditions used to prepare CitPET and GerPET 18 . Other aryl‐containing HSMs similarly exhibit percent crystallinities ranging from 18% to 55%, similar to the values observed for CPS and GPS 39,47,91 …”

“…18 Other aryl-containing HSMs similarly exhibit percent crystallinities ranging from 18% to 55%, similar to the values observed for CPS and GPS. 39,47,91 Flexural and compressive strengths of the composites were also assessed to evaluate their potential to compete with commercial building materials (Table 2 and Figure 6, stress strain plots are provided in Figures S8--S10). CPS was found to have a compressive strength of 5.8 MPa and flexural strength of 2.10 MPa, while GPS was found to have a compressive strength of 5.2 MPa and flexural strength of 2.77 MPa.…”

Green and sustainable natural derived polysulfides for a broad range of applications

“…195,197 Esterification of lignin using oleic acid provides oleyl-lignin with higher hydrophobicity and therefore higher miscibility than allyl lignin with sulfur. 175 Higher miscibility of oleyl lignin than allyl lignin with sulfur leads to the incorporation of a higher content of the lignin feed ratio into the composition of the final polysulfide so that it is possible to obtain a polysulfide containing up to 20 wt% of allyl lignin. Indeed, due to the higher miscibility of oleyl lignin with sulfur, almost all added oleyl lignin in the feed ratio takes part in the reaction with sulfur.…”

Evaluation of Animal Fats and Vegetable Oils as Comonomers in Polymer Composite Synthesis: Effects of Plant/Animal Sources and Comonomer Composition on Composite Properties

“…[16][17][18] HSMs can be conveniently prepared via the atom economical inverse vulcanization reaction wherein sulfur and olefins react to form crosslinked polymers/composites via C-S bond-forming reactions. [19] A panoply of potentially renewable olefin sources have been used in this process, including polysaccharides, [20][21][22][23][24] lignin, [25][26][27][28] raw lignocellulosic biomass, [29,30] terpenoids, [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] guaiacol, [41] algae oils, [42][43][44] plant oils, [45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] and fatty acids. [56][57][58][59][60] Rendered animal fats and used cooking oils represent abundant, low-value olefin feedstocks for potential use in the inverse vulcanization process.…”

“…[ 16–18 ] HSMs can be conveniently prepared via the atom economical inverse vulcanization reaction wherein sulfur and olefins react to form crosslinked polymers/composites via C–S bond‐forming reactions. [ 19 ] A panoply of potentially renewable olefin sources have been used in this process, including polysaccharides, [ 20–24 ] lignin, [ 25–28 ] raw lignocellulosic biomass, [ 29,30 ] terpenoids, [ 31–40 ] guaiacol, [ 41 ] algae oils, [ 42–44 ] plant oils, [ 45–55 ] and fatty acids. [ 56–60 ]…”