Duration, combination and timing: the signal integration model of dendritic cell activation

Premetastatic milieu explained by TLR4 agonist-mediated homeostatic inflammation

“…Oscillatory activation: sustained TLR4 activation, which is required for cytokine expression, is consistent with oscillation in NF-kB signaling due to coordinated degradation and resynthesis of IkB proteins (conceptually reviewed in Ref. 47). …”

Microparticles released by Listeria monocytogenes-infected macrophages are required for dendritic cell-elicited protective immunity

“…To further analyze the effect of MPs on DCs, we examined the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kB), two critical signaling pathways involved in DC activation. 23,24 DCs were stimulated with MPs from Lm-infected or control macrophages for various time intervals (10, 30 and 60 min). The activation of MAPK and NF-kB by MPs from Lm-infected macrophages was confirmed by the induction of extracellular signalregulated proteinkinase (ERK) and inhibitor of kappaB (IkB) phosphorylation (Figure 3f).…”

Radiation therapy and Toll-like receptor signaling: implications for the treatment of cancer

“…At the cellular level, TLR binding results not only in the activation of effectors of innate immunity, but also in the induction of adaptive responses. Ligation of TLRs expressed by antigen presenting cells may result in the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (for example, CD80 and CD86) and cytokines (for example, IL-6 and IL-12) (Macagno et al, 2007). Moreover, TLR-primed dendritic cells induce antigen-specific high avidity CD8 (Xu et al, 2003(Xu et al, , 2006 and type-I polarized CD4 T-cell responses (Wesa et al, 2007).…”