Duration of feeding linseed diet influences expression of inflammation-related genes and growth performance of growing-finishing barrows1

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary linseed (rich in n-3 PUFA) on expression of inflammation-related genes and on growth performance of growing-finishing barrows. Two isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated, one as the basal diet and the other containing 10% linseed. Twenty-four Landrace x Yorkshire barrows weighing 35 +/- 3.7 kg were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups, with 6 pigs per group. During the entire experimental period of 90 d, these 4 groups of pigs were first fed the basal diet and then fed the linseed diet for 0, 30, 60, and 90 d before slaughter, respectively. Pig growth; messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), IL-1beta0, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha); and plasma concentrations of the 3 proinflammatory cytokines were measured and analyzed. Average daily feed intake did not differ among treatment groups (P > 0.05), but ADG (P < 0.05) and G:F (P < 0.01) responded quadratically to the duration of linseed diet feeding, and pigs in the 60-d treatment group had the greatest ADG and G:F. The mRNA expression of PPARgamma in loin muscle and spleen increased linearly (P < 0.01) with the duration of linseed diet feeding, whereas its expression in adipose tissue was not affected (P = 0.095). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6 mRNA expression in muscle, adipose, and spleen, as well as serum concentration of TNF-alpha, decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with the duration of linseed diet feeding. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma mRNA abundance was negatively correlated with IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha mRNA abundance both in muscle (R(2) = 0.63, P < 0.001) and in spleen (R(2) = 0.69, P < 0.001), and PPARgamma mRNA expression in spleen (R(2) = 0.59, P < 0.01) and muscle (R(2) = 0.52, P < 0.05) was negatively correlated with serum TNF-alpha concentration. There were also significant quadratic relations between ADG and expression of PPARgamma (P < 0.05) and splenic TNF-alpha (P < 0.05). These data suggest that intake of n-3 PUFA from the linseed diet led to significant decreases in the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes, which may stimulate growth in growing-finishing barrows, at least in part, through a PPARgamma-dependent mechanism.

The Effect of Linseed on Intramuscular Fat Content and Adipogenesis Related Genes in Skeletal Muscle of Pigs

“…In addition, average daily feed intake was also not affected by the treatment [29]. Noteworthily, the significant difference (P \ 0.05) in IMF content compared with group T1 (0 days) was observed in group T3 (60 days) and T4 (90 days), but not in group T2 (30 days), suggesting that a certain length of duration of feeding linseed diet has to be reached in order to influence the IMF content.…”

Effects of dietary n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio on cardiac antioxidative status, T-cell and cytokine mRNA expression in the thymus, and blood T lymphocyte subsets of broilers

“…Dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid P-Value 12:1 9: previous research, dietary n-3 fatty PUFA was found to either enhance or decrease immune responses (Blok et al, 1996;Fritsche et al, 1991;Korver and Klasing, 1997;Sijben et al, 2000Sijben et al, , 2001Zhan et al, 2009). So, it should be noted that the T lymphocyte and the expression of cytokines may behave differently after n-3 PUFA in challenged and unchallenged animals.…”

“…anti-inflammatory properties (Zhan et al, 2009) by increasing antibody response (Sijben et al, 2001) and decreasing lymphocyte proliferation . Wang et al (2011) CD4þ percentage and CD4þ : CD8þ ratio were much higher in the 6:1 (n-6:n-3) PUFA ratios group.…”

Vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids independently attenuate plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E2 in Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-challenged growing–finishing pigs1

“…In agreement with our findings, Liu et al (2003) demonstrated, in a weaner pig study, that fish oil-derived n-3 fatty acids decreased PGE 2 production and improved ADG and ADFI following LPS-induced immune system stimulation. Moreover, Zhan et al (2009) showed that increased duration of feeding linseed-derived n-3 fatty acids linearly decreased gene expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and improved ADG and feed efficiency. Therefore, performance and leanness data suggest that under our experimental condition, n-3 fatty acids mitigated LPS-induced muscle growth in growing-finishing pigs.…”