Dust explosions–Cases, causes, consequences, and control

A quantitative risk management framework for dust and hybrid mixture explosions

“…According to British Standard Institute code BS2955:1958, dust is a material with a particle diameter of less than 76 μm (Abbasi & Abbasi, 2007), but the National Fire Protection Association code NFPA 654 defines dust as "any finely divided solid, 420 μm or less in diameter", which is equivalent to a U.S. No. 40 standard sieve (Amyotte & Eckhoff, 2010).…”

“…40 standard sieve (Amyotte & Eckhoff, 2010). A dust explosion can be defined as the rapid combustion of flammable particulates suspended in air (Abbasi & Abbasi, 2007).…”

“…Most often, explosion events occur inside processing equipment (e.g., mills, bucket elevators, silos, cyclones, ducts, etc.) (Abbasi & Abbasi, 2007).…”

“…These strong shock waves can suspend settled dust in the area, forming a dust cloud which can then be ignited by the released energy of the primary explosion (Abbasi & Abbasi, 2007). Secondary explosions may actually be worse than the initial ones due to increases in the quantity and concentration of combustible dust/hybrid mixtures.…”

Steam exploded pine wood burning properties with particle size dependence

“…Biofuels carry fire/explosibility risks in their handling [10,11] and there is little published information on this as the standard 1 m 3 explosion vessel with 'C' ring dust disperser does not work with fibrous biomass [9], which is why there was little data on biomass dusts. Lots of biomass fire/explosion incidents were reported in past [11] and it is of concern that there is a lack of reliable explosion protection for biomass dusts, which makes the design of protection equipment uncertain [9,10]. The reliable measurements of the reactivity parameters for these biofuels depend on multiple factors such as fuel properties and their size distribution [12].…”