Neuronavigation has become an essential neurosurgical tool in pursuing
minimal invasiveness and maximal safety, even though it has several technical
limitations. Augmented reality (AR) neuronavigation is a significant advance,
providing a real-time updated 3D virtual model of anatomical details, overlaid
on the real surgical field. Currently, only a few AR systems have been tested in
a clinical setting. The aim is to review such devices. We performed a PubMed
search of reports restricted to human studies of in vivo applications of AR in
any neurosurgical procedure using the search terms âAugmented
realityâ and âNeurosurgery.â Eligibility assessment was
performed independently by two reviewers in an unblinded standardized manner.
The systems were qualitatively evaluated on the basis of the following:
neurosurgical subspecialty of application, pathology of treated lesions and
lesion locations, real data source, virtual data source, tracking modality,
registration technique, visualization processing, dis- play type, and perception
location. Eighteen studies were included during the period 1996 to September 30,
2015. The AR systems were grouped by the real data source: microscope (8), hand-
or head-held cameras (4), direct patient view (2), endoscope (1), and X-ray
fluoroscopy (1) head-mounted display (1). A total of 195 lesions were treated:
75 (38.46 %) were neoplastic, 77 (39.48 %) neurovascular, and 1 (0.51 %)
hydrocephalus, and 42 (21.53 %) were undetermined. Current literature confirms
that AR is a reliable and versatile tool when performing minimally invasive
approaches in a wide range of neurosurgical diseases, although prospective
randomized studies are not yet available and technical improvements are
needed.