Dye Removal from Water and Wastewater Using Various Physical, Chemical, and Biological Processes

Abstract

Synthetic dyes or colorants are key chemicals for various industries producing textiles, food, cosmetics, pharmaceutics, printer inks, leather, and plastics. Nowadays, the textile industry is the major consumer of dyes. The mass of synthetic colorants used by this industry is estimated at the level of 1 ÷ 3 × 105 tons, in comparison with the total annual consumption of around 7 × 105 tons worldwide. Synthetic dyes are relatively easy to detect but difficult to eliminate from wastewater and surface water ecosystems because of their aromatic chemical structure. It should be highlighted that the relatively high stability of synthetic dyes leads to health and ecological concerns due to their toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic nature. Currently, removal of such chemicals from wastewater involves various techniques, including flocculation/coagulation, precipitation, photocatalytic degradation, biological oxidation, ion exchange, adsorption, and membrane filtration. In this review, a number of classical and modern technologies for synthetic dye removal from industry-originated wastewater were summarized and discussed. There is an increasing interest in the application of waste organic materials (e.g., compounds extracted from orange bagasse, fungus biosorbent, or green algal biomasses) as effective, low-cost, and ecologically friendly sorbents. Moreover, a number of dye removal processes are based on newly discovered carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes and graphene as well as their derivatives).

Dye removal by biosorption using cross-linked chitosan-based hydrogels

“…Due to their high solubility, dyes are common water pollutants and may frequently be found in trace quantities in their industrial discharge waters. More than 700,000 tons of synthetic dyes are produced worldwide every year, e.g., in India, it is close to 80,000 tons, and 5-10% of them are discharged in wastewater (Sinha et al 2016; Karimifard and Moghaddam 2018;Katheresan et al 2018;Piaskowski et al 2018). The textile industry (54%) discharges the largest amount of dye wastewater, contributing to more than half of the existing dye effluents observed in the environment worldwide (Katheresan et al 2018).…”

“…However, its widespread use is restricted due to high cost. In the past three decades, numerous approaches have been studied for the development of cheaper, ecofriendly and more effective biosorbents capable to eliminate pollutants present in synthetic solutions contaminated with a single type of pollutant (Onsoyen and Skaugrud 1990;Peters 1995;Allen 1996;Goosen 1997;Hirano 1997;Ramakrishna and Viraraghavan 1997;Cooney 1999;Blackburn 2004;Gavrilescu 2004;Varma et al 2004;Crini 2005Crini , 2006Bhatnagar and Minocha 2006;Oliveira and Franca 2008;Qu 2008;Gadd 2009;Wang and Chen 2009;Elwakeel 2010;Park et al 2010;Ali 2012;Michalak et al 2013;Katheresan et al 2018;Piaskowski et al 2018). Among the various materials proposed for water and wastewater treatment by biosorption, cross-linked chitosan hydrogels are by far the most widely studied materials, owing not only to their efficiency at eliminating a broad range of pollutants but also to their synthesis that is straightforward and facile (Ravichandran and Rajesh 2013;Liu and Bai 2014;Vandenbossche et al 2015;Yong et al 2015;Muya et al 2016;Nechita 2017;Pakdel and Peighambardoust 2018;Morin-Crini et al 2019).…”

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as Promising Material for Wastewater Treatment Processes

“…Importantly this nanomaterial is characterized by simple manufacturing and low production cost [9,10]. Our previous research involving carbon materials was related to the adsorption properties of graphite and activated carbon particles focusing on sewage and water treatment technological processes [11]. Particularly, elimination of low-molecular mass synthetic dyes including malachite green, ponceau 4R and brilliant blue FCF were investigated [12].…”

Trimetallic composite nanofibers for antibacterial and photocatalytic dye degradation of mixed dye water

“…Statistical data show that about 20% of water pollution is due to various dyes released in the flowing water (Chavan 2001 ). Owing to the need of the hour, different water treatment and purification methods such as ozonation (Piaskowski et al 2018 ), flocculation(Guo et al 2018 ), floatation, and electrolysis (Mokif 2019 ) have been often utilized for dye removal (Galindo et al 2001 ). However, due to the high stability of the dyes and aromatic nature of the dye molecules, biological treatment methods are ineffective for degradation (Arslan and Balcioğlu 1999 ; Correia et al 1994 ; Moore et al 1989 ; Patil and Shinde 1988 ) .…”