Dyeing regions of oxidative hair dyes in human hair investigated by nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry

Kojima, Toru; Yamada, Hiromi; Yamamoto, Toshihiko; Matsushita, Yasuyuki; Fukushima, Kazuhiko

doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.01.028

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In order to permanently alter the colour of hair, the hair cuticle, or outer layer of hair, must be opened so that native hair colour is removed prior to depositing chemical hair colour in the cortex of the hair shaft. [16-17] Three main chemicals are involved in this process: 1) hydrogen peroxide, which is an oxidizing agent or developer, 2) ammonia, which is an alkaline agent that allows lightening by catalyzing the reaction between the native hair colour and the peroxide, and 3) persulfate, which is a bleach that removes the pigment from the hair [16]. The ammonia separates the hair cuticle and allows the new hair colour to penetrate the cortex of the hair [17].…”

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confidence: 99%

Chemical processing and shampooing impact cortisol measured in human hair

Hoffman¹,

Karban²,

Benitez³

et al. 2014

CIM

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Chemical processing and shampooing impact cortisol measured in human hair AbstractPurpose: e assessment of cortisol in hair has gained popularity as a means to measure retrospective hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in a number of species; however, cortisol levels from human hair subjected to typical chemicals for cosmetic or hygienic purposes may be altered by the chemicals used.e purposed of this study was to determine if exposure of hair to chemical processing or shampooing impacts cortisol values.Methods: Human hair not exposed to prior chemical processing was cut from the posterior vertex region of the head of 106 human subjects as close to the scalp as possible. e hair sample was divided into 4-6 full-length clusters depending on quantity of hair available. Each hair sample was processed for baseline (native) cortisol and remaining clusters were exposed to ve standard chemical hair treatments (Experiment 1) or were shampooed 15 or 30 times (Experiment 2). Hair was ground and cortisol levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Comparisons were made between native hair and processed hair using paired t-tests and Pearson correlation.Results: Hair cortisol as assessed by EIA was signi cantly altered by chemical processing but in somewhat di erent ways. Exposure to bleach (harshest exposure), demi-perm (least exposure) or 15-30 shampoos resulted in a signi cant decrease in cortisol level while exposure to varying percentages of peroxides increased cortisol measured.ere were no di erences in cortisol levels associated with sex, age or tobacco use in the native hair for this particular group.Conclusion: Chemical processing and frequent shampooing a ect cortisol levels measured in hair. Chemically processed or excessively shampooed hair should be avoided when recruiting subjects for hair cortisol studies.

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confidence: 99%

Chemical processing and shampooing impact cortisol measured in human hair

Hoffman¹,

Karban²,

Benitez³

et al. 2014

CIM

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“…The oxidizing agent permits the beginning of the reaction that occurs in the cortex and results in a colorful complex with high molar mass, which avoids the exit of molecules formed in the hair. Part of the reaction also happens on the cuticles and the molecules are removed in the first washes [30,31].…”

Section: Permanent Oxidative Hair Dyeingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Types of Hair Dye and Their Mechanisms of Action

et al. 2015

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Hair color change by dye application is a common procedure among women. Hair dyes are classified, according to color resistance, into temporary, semipermanent, demipermanent and permanent. The first two are based on molecules which are already colored. Temporary dyes act through dye deposition on cuticles, but semipermanent may penetrate a little into the cortex and so the color resists up to six washes. Demipermanent and permanent dyes are based on color precursors, called oxidation dyes, and the final shade is developed by their interactions with an oxidizing agent, but they differ from the alkalizing agent used. In oxidation systems, there is an intense diffusion of the molecules into the cortex, what promotes a longer color resistance. Dyes and color precursors present differences related to chromophore groups, hair fiber affinity, water solubility, and photo stability. The aim of this review is to discuss the differences among hair dye products available in the market and their action mechanisms, molecular structures, application methods, and some aspects of formulations.

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“…Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a direct surface analysis technique, which can provide information about elemental and molecular distribution on biological sample surfaces (36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49). SIMS has been used for hair analysis to investigate the adsorption, penetration, and localization of externally applied cosmetic ingredients (43)(44)(45) and trace elements (46-48). Furthermore, the fine structure of the hair was observed by SIMS (48,49).…”

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confidence: 99%