Dynamic Aspects of Sodium Metabolism in Experimental Adrenal Insufficiency Using Radioactive Sodium

Stern, Thomas N.; Cole, Vinton V.; Bass, A; Overman, R. R.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1951.164.2.437

Cited by 44 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The bone to serum specific activity ratios for rib, skull, and femur indicate that from 35 to 58 per cent of bone sodium has exchanged in 3 to 24 hours. In general, these data agree reasonably well with similar studies in dogs and humans by other investigators (21,25). It should be noted, however, that Davies, Kornberg, and Wilson (34) reported only 25 per cent exchange of sodium in marrow-free human ribs.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Bergstrom (40) observed that in rats acute sodium and potassium depletion resulted in a mobilization of both of these cations from bone. Other investigators (25) could not demonstrate any significant changes in bone sodium content in adrenalectomized dogs although the rate of bone sodium exchange using Na24 as a tracer appeared to be depressed in the adrenal insufficient animals as compared to the controls. At the present time, additional evidence that bone acts as a reservoir for sodium and water in acute disturbances in animals other than rats is needed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…These differences may be resolved, according to Bergstrom (24) on the basis that these earlier analyses involved a considerable coprecipitation of sodium with calcium and hence the lower sodium values. Other investigators (25) assayed dog femur for sodium content by flame photometry after precipitation of 7"Excess sodium" is the sodium content in excess of that amount associated with chloride. Bone chloride is assumed to be free in the extracellular water.…”

Section: B Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrolyte Composition of Bone and the Penetration of Radiosodium and Deuterium Oxide Into Dog and Human Bone 12

Edelman¹,

James²,

Baden³

et al. 1954

J. Clin. Invest.

133

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: B Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrolyte Composition of Bone and the Penetration of Radiosodium and Deuterium Oxide Into Dog and Human Bone 12

Edelman¹,

James²,

Baden³

et al. 1954

J. Clin. Invest.

133

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“…Accordingly, these data establish that EAH occurs as a result of at least three different biological mechanisms working in tandem: overdrinking; inappropriate ADH secretion; and a failure to mobilize Na ϩ from the osmotically inactive, exchangeable sodium stores or, alternatively, osmotic inactivation of Na ϩ as reported in other conditions (72,77,78). Only in the presence of all three abnormalities can athletes move from the normal response (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Three independent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: Evidence from 2,135 weighed competitive athletic performances

Noakes

Sharwood

Speedy

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

313

367

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To evaluate the role of fluid and Na ؉ balance in the development of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), changes in serum Na ؉ concentrations ([Na ؉ ]) and in body weight were analyzed in 2,135 athletes in endurance events. Eighty-nine percent of athletes completed these events either euhydrated (39%) or with weight loss (50%) and with normal (80%) or elevated (13%) serum [Na ؉ ]. Of 231 (11%) athletes who gained weight during exercise, 70% were normonatremic or hypernatremic, 19% had a serum [Na ؉ ] between 129 -135 mmol͞liter, and 11% a serum [Na ؉ ] of <129 mmol͞liter. Serum [Na ؉ ] after racing was a linear function with a negative slope of the body weight change during exercise. The final serum [Na ؉ ] in a subset of 18 subjects was predicted from the amount of Na ؉ that remained osmotically inactive at the completion of the trial. Weight gain consequent to excessive fluid consumption was the principal cause of a reduced serum [Na ؉ ] after exercise, yet most (70%) subjects who gained weight maintained or increased serum [Na ؉ ], requiring the addition of significant amounts of Na ؉ (>500 mmol) into an expanded volume of total body water. This Na ؉ likely originated from osmotically inactive, exchangeable stores. Thus, EAH occurs in athletes who (i) drink to excess during exercise, (ii) retain excess fluid because of inadequate suppression of antidiuretic hormone secretion, and (iii) osmotically inactivate circulating Na ؉ or fail to mobilize osmotically inactive sodium from internal stores. EAH can be prevented by insuring that athletes do not drink to excess during exercise, which has been known since 1985.endurance ͉ exchangeable Na ϩ stores ͉ fluid overload ͉ overdrinking ͉ syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

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“…Since skeletal sodium accounts for approximately a third of the total body sodium (8)(9)(10), an investigation of its role in this regard seemed desirable. The experiments to be described here were undertaken to determine the effect of acidosis and of sodium deprivation on the relative quantities of sodium, potassium and calcium in bone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone as a Sodium and Potassium Reservoir 12

Bergstrom¹,

Wallace²

1954

J. Clin. Invest.

171

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Gamble, Ross, and Tisdall (1) originally pointed out that electrolytes and water were lost from the body during fasting in a manner which could be reasonably predicted from the concentration of salts in the body fluids. This concept is the basis for the study of changes in body composition by examination of electrolyte balance and weight changes. Darrow, Da Silva, and Stevenson (2) elaborated the method of calculation and showed that shifts of sodium between extracellular and intracellular fluid could be inferred in certain conditions from balance measurements. In this laboratory, studies in both man and animals (3, 4) have frequently demonstrated losses or gains of sodium which cannot be reasonably explained on the basis of shifts so calculated. Two possible explanations are: (a) Unmeasured skin losses may lead to the calculation of erroneously large retentions, or (b) Electrolyte may be sequestered in the body in an osmotically inactive form quickly available to the body fluids. Flanagan, Davis, and Overman (5), studying both balances and composition of tissues in dogs with adrenal insufliciency, noted such discrepancies and suggested that bone might serve as a sodium reservoir.The early work of Gabriel (6) demonstrated the presence of substantial amounts of sodium in the chloride-free residue of bone extracted with alkaline glycol solutions. Harrison, Darrow, and Yannet (7) showed that the ratio of sodium to chlonde in the skeleton is greatly in excess of that found in a plasma ultrafiltrate, and defined this as "extra" bone sodium. Subsequent investigators have confirmed these findings (8, 9), and Kaltreider, Meneely, Allen, and Bale (8), Stern, Cole, Bass, and

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Dynamic Aspects of Sodium Metabolism in Experimental Adrenal Insufficiency Using Radioactive Sodium

Cited by 44 publications

References 0 publications

Electrolyte Composition of Bone and the Penetration of Radiosodium and Deuterium Oxide Into Dog and Human Bone 12

Electrolyte Composition of Bone and the Penetration of Radiosodium and Deuterium Oxide Into Dog and Human Bone 12

Three independent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: Evidence from 2,135 weighed competitive athletic performances

Bone as a Sodium and Potassium Reservoir 12

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