Dynamic changes in the value of China’s ecosystem services

Xie, Gaogang; Zhang, Caixia; Zhen, Lin; Zhang, Leiming

doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.06.010

Cited by 590 publications

(419 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…; Xie et al. ). Designing a rational land‐use plan requires that managers account for as many costs as possible to maximize the long‐term net benefits, rather than pursuing a single objective, such as increasing forest cover, that will provide primarily short‐term benefits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Our results show the importance of basing land-use policy and assessments of ecosystem services on detailed cost and benefit information, and this will be important anywhere in the world. Land managers must quantify the impacts of changes in land use on the provision of ecosystem services and understand the values and flows of benefits to nearby and distant human populations (Naidoo & Iwamura 2007;Naidoo et al 2008;Xie et al 2017). Designing a rational land-use plan requires that managers account for as many costs as possible to maximize the long-term net benefits, rather than pursuing a single objective, such as increasing forest cover, that will provide primarily short-term benefits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Difference in the net value of ecological services between natural and artificial forests in China

Cao

Zhang

2019

Conservation Biology

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Land degradation is a global problem that seriously threatens human society. However, in China and elsewhere, ecological restoration still largely relies on a traditional approach that focuses only on ecological factors and ignores socioeconomic factors. To improve the effectiveness of ecological restoration and maximize its economic and ecological benefits, a more efficient approach is needed that provides support for policy development and land management and thereby promotes environmental conservation. We devised a framework for assessing the value of ecosystem services that remain after subtracting costs, such as the opportunity costs, costs of forest protection, and costs for the people who are affected by the program; that is, the net value of ecosystem services (NVES). To understand the difference between the value of a resource and the net value of the ecosystem service it provides, we used data on VES, timber sales, and afforestation costs from China's massive national afforestation programs to calculate the net value of forest ecosystem services in China. Accounting for the abovementioned costs revealed an NVES of ¥6.1 × 1012 for forests in 2014, which was 35.9% less than the value calculated without accounting for costs. As a result, the NVES associated with afforestation was 55.9% less than the NVES of natural forests. In some regions, NVES was negative because of the huge costs of human‐made plantations, high evapotranspiration rates (thus, high water opportunity costs), and low forest survival rates. To maximize the ecological benefits of conservation, it is necessary to account for as many costs as possible so that management decisions can be based on NVES, thereby helping managers choose projects that maximize both economic and ecological benefits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Difference in the net value of ecological services between natural and artificial forests in China

Cao

Zhang

2019

Conservation Biology

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“…The weights of one factor were changed sequentially, and the weights of other factors remained unchanged. The sensitivity of TA B L E 5 Annual ecosystem services of different ecological function monitoring and assessment areas of the implementation period for NFCP in key state-owned forest areas in Northeast and Inner Mongolia further enhances the economy of the area (Xie, Zhang, Zhen, & Zhang, 2017;Yin, Yin, & Li, 2010).…”

Section: Key Factors Affecting the Change In Ecosystem Services In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in ecosystem services and an analysis of driving factors for China's Natural Forest Conservation Program

Huang

Wang

Niu

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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China's Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP) is aimed at improving the fragile and unstable ecological environment and has become one of the largest ecological restoration programs in the world because of its enormous investment and effects. It is important to work out and strengthen new measures to overcome difficulties to promote more ecosystem services and human well‐being in the NFCP. This study focused on how to evaluate the ecosystem services change brought about by implementing the NFCP. Taking the key state‐owned forest areas in the Northeast and Inner Mongolia as the study area, we provide a basic overview of development and construct an evaluation index system and a distributed calculation method for the NFCP to analyze the implications of the NFCP on ecosystem services combined with multi‐source data coupling. An evaluation index system for NFCP ecosystem services was constructed. The system includes five ecological service functions and 12 evaluation indices. The trade‐off and/or synergistic analysis of ecosystem services were carried out. The regional characteristics and changes in the NFCP ecosystem services were emphasized. Although it has not been implemented for a long time, the NFCP has had a great impact on ecosystem services because it reduces soil and water losses, increases soil fertility, strengthens the forest carbon sink and helped the forest accumulate nutrients and purify the atmosphere. Socioeconomic factors affect the NFCP ecosystem services, such as the implementation area of NFCP, investment amount of NFCP, area ratio of nature reserves, and yield of tree stock volume. Policy drivers of the NFCP, changes in the economic structure and reductions in forest yield are the main factors affecting the change in NFCP ecosystem services. Although the NFCP has positively affected the society, the economy, and the ecological environment, it has also generated some problems, such as the improper management of forest resources, shortage of capital investment, staff transfer, etc. The social and economic problems will be transient with implementation of the NFCP, and the structural changes in forestry and agriculture may eventually benefit the forestry workers and other stakeholders.

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“…In this approach, ecosystem services have been specified into 17 major categories and 10 biological groups in monetary have been estimated. Xie et al [49] improved the method of ecosystem services evaluation by developing a new method for the values per unit area of ecosystem services based on the method of Costanza et al [2]. Then this improved approach is applied extensively to evaluate China's ecosystem services value.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Ecosystem Services Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Tradeoffs between Economic Benefits and Ecosystem Services due to Urban Expansion

Yin-gen

Zhang

2018

Sustainability

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Urban expansion has been proved to spur significant changes in economic development worldwide, yet it degrades ecosystem services. Seldom attempts are made to explore the dynamic relationship between economic benefits and ecosystem services. As such, we simulated land use in Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei Province in China, by employing the LANDSCAPE model (LAND System Cellular Automata model for Potential Effects) in scenarios with datasets supported. This paper analyzes the amount of variation of urban growth between its corresponding implications for ecosystem services in Wuhan, and further reveals a meaningful dynamic linkage between economic benefits (EB) and ecosystem services value (ESV). The amount of urban expansion is a critical factor affecting tradeoffs of EB and ESV. A certain amount of urban expansion (the turning point) will worsen tradeoffs between EB and ESV, and when the amount of urban growth surpasses the turning point, a small increase of EB will pay a great amount of ESV. The better the amount of urban growth is controlled, the more harmonious the EB and ESV will be. Our research is helpful to find the turning point as well as the proper amount of urban growth at the aspect of tradeoffs between EB and ESV.

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Dynamic changes in the value of China’s ecosystem services

Cited by 590 publications

References 21 publications

Difference in the net value of ecological services between natural and artificial forests in China

Difference in the net value of ecological services between natural and artificial forests in China

Changes in ecosystem services and an analysis of driving factors for China's Natural Forest Conservation Program

Dynamics of Tradeoffs between Economic Benefits and Ecosystem Services due to Urban Expansion

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