Dynamic changes of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines and human beta defensin 2 in HIV-infected patients with oral candidiasis during the first year of highly active anti-retroviral therapy

Yong, Xiangzhi; Liu, Zhenmin; Jiang, Longfeng; Tao, Renchuan; Liu, Wei; Zhang, Linlin; Peng, Yuanyuan; Lin, Xiang; Huang, Yuxiao

doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.05.003

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The most important Th2 cytokines are IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10, which are considered to be mediators of macrophage activation. In fact, IL-4- [26], and the IL-4 level was reported to decrease after effective treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients [27]. In our study, the HCM patients with HICP had higher levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10, which might have contributed to macrophage activation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Chemokine and Cytokine Cascade Caused by Skewing of the Th1-Th2 Balance Is Associated with High Intracranial Pressure in HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis

Guo

Zhao

et al. 2019

Mediators of Inflammation

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Purpose. Serum cytokines/chemokines play important roles in cryptococcal meningitis, but it is unclear whether cytokines/chemokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contribute to high intracranial pressure (HICP) in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis (HCM). Methods. CSF cytokines/chemokines were assayed in 17 HIV-uninfected patients, 26 HIV-infected patients without CNS infection, and 39 HCM patients at admission. Principal component analysis and correlation and logistic regression analyses were used to assess the relationships between these parameters. Results. The CSF Th1, Th2, and macrophage cytokines showed an obvious increase in HCM patients as compared to the HIV-uninfected patients and HIV-infected patients without CNS infection. CSF IL-6, GM-CSF, and IL-8 were positively correlated with CSF fungal burden. Serum CD4 count, CSF Th1 cytokines (TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-12, IL-1β, and INF-α2), and Th2 cytokines (IL-5 and IL-6) were closely related to cryptococcal meningitis. Furthermore, both Th1 cytokines (TNF-α, TNF-β, INF-γ, and IL-12) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) contribute to HICP. Conclusion. Overall, the present findings indicated that both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines of Th1, Th2, and macrophage origin contributed to the development of HCM. Specifically, the chemokine and cytokine cascade caused by skewing of the Th1-Th2 balance and reduced CD4 count were found to be important contributors to HICP. Summary. Our research suggested that chemokine and cytokine cascade caused by skewing of the Th1-Th2 balance in HIV-infected patients played more important role than Cryptococcus numbers and size in CSF on the development of high intracranial pressure in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis, providing a new understanding of mechanisms of HCM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Chemokine and Cytokine Cascade Caused by Skewing of the Th1-Th2 Balance Is Associated with High Intracranial Pressure in HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis

Guo

Zhao

et al. 2019

Mediators of Inflammation

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“…Most of the cytokines increased after viral infections, with a maximum increase of 102 times, and the increase in some individual patients was up to 200 times (e.g., IL-8 in Ebola fatalities; Figure S6) (11). However, some other cytokines were significantly inhibited by viral infections, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in Ebola virus infection (Figures 1, S6) (11) and IFN-g and IL-17 in HIV infection (Figures 1, S8) (12). Among the 50 cytokines with the largest induction amplitudes, IP-10, L-6, IL-8, and IL-17 appeared with the highest frequency (5 out of 50).…”

Section: Ip-10 L-6 Il-8 and Il-17 Are The Most Increased Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Cytokine Storms During Virus Infections

et al. 2021

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Highly pathogenic virus infections usually trigger cytokine storms, which may have adverse effects on vital organs and result in high mortalities. The two cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-γ play key roles in the generation and regulation of cytokine storms. However, it is still unclear whether the cytokine with the largest induction amplitude is the same under different virus infections. It is unknown which is the most critical and whether there are any mathematical formulas that can fit the changing rules of cytokines. Three coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2), three influenza viruses (2009H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9), Ebola virus, human immunodeficiency virus, dengue virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and enterovirus 71 were included in this analysis. We retrieved the cytokine fold change (FC), viral load, and clearance rate data from these highly pathogenic virus infections in humans and analyzed the correlations among them. Our analysis showed that interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-17 are the most common cytokines with the largest induction amplitudes. Equations were obtained: the maximum induced cytokine (max) FC = IFN-γ FC × (IFN-γ FC/IL-4 FC) (if IFN-γ FC/IL-4 FC > 1); max FC = IL-4 FC (if IFN-γ FC/IL-4 FC < 1). For IFN-γ-inducible infections, 1.30 × log2 (IFN-γ FC) = log10 (viral load) − 2.48 − 2.83 × (clearance rate). The clinical relevance of cytokines and their antagonists is also discussed.

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“…Although ART treatment is able to decrease the expression of virulence factors and the carriage rate, the latter remains higher than that found in HIV-negative controls ( Jiang et al., 2014 ; de Paula Menezes et al., 2016 ). It was also shown that the ART treatment was able to correct the dysfunctions in the production of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines and human beta defensin 2 in HIV-infected patients with oral candidiasis ( Yong et al., 2018 ).…”

Section: Assessment Of the Mycobiomementioning

confidence: 99%

Human immunodeficiency virus and oral microbiota: mutual influence on the establishment of a viral gingival reservoir in individuals under antiretroviral therapy

Ramos Peña,

Pillet,

Grupioni Lourenço

et al. 2024

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The role of the oral microbiota in the overall health and in systemic diseases has gained more importance in the recent years, mainly due to the systemic effects that are mediated by the chronic inflammation caused by oral diseases, such as periodontitis, through the microbial communities of the mouth. The chronic infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interacts at the tissue level (e.g. gut, genital tract, brain) to create reservoirs; the modulation of the gut microbiota by HIV infection is a good example of these interactions. The purpose of the present review is to assess the state of knowledge on the oral microbiota (microbiome, mycobiome and virome) of HIV-infected patients in comparison to that of HIV-negative individuals and to discuss the reciprocal influence of HIV infection and oral microbiota in patients with periodontitis on the potential establishment of a viral gingival reservoir. The influence of different clinical and biological parameters are reviewed including age, immune and viral status, potent antiretroviral therapies, smoking, infection of the airway and viral coinfections, all factors that can modulate the oral microbiota during HIV infection. The analysis of the literature proposed in this review indicates that the comparisons of the available studies are difficult due to their great heterogeneity. However, some important findings emerge: (i) the oral microbiota is less influenced than that of the gut during HIV infection, although some recurrent changes in the microbiome are identified in many studies; (ii) severe immunosuppression is correlated with altered microbiota and potent antiretroviral therapies correct partially these modifications; (iii) periodontitis constitutes a major factor of dysbiosis, which is exacerbated in HIV-infected patients; its pathogenesis can be described as a reciprocal reinforcement of the two conditions, where the local dysbiosis present in the periodontal pocket leads to inflammation, bacterial translocation and destruction of the supporting tissues, which in turn enhances an inflammatory environment that perpetuates the periodontitis cycle. With the objective of curing viral reservoirs of HIV-infected patients in the future years, it appears important to develop further researches aimed at defining whether the inflamed gingiva can serve of viral reservoir in HIV-infected patients with periodontitis.

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Dynamic changes of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines and human beta defensin 2 in HIV-infected patients with oral candidiasis during the first year of highly active anti-retroviral therapy

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

Chemokine and Cytokine Cascade Caused by Skewing of the Th1-Th2 Balance Is Associated with High Intracranial Pressure in HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis

Chemokine and Cytokine Cascade Caused by Skewing of the Th1-Th2 Balance Is Associated with High Intracranial Pressure in HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis

Quantification of Cytokine Storms During Virus Infections

Human immunodeficiency virus and oral microbiota: mutual influence on the establishment of a viral gingival reservoir in individuals under antiretroviral therapy

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