Dynamic Effects of a 9 mm Missile on Cadaveric Skull Protected by Aramid, Polyethylene or Aluminum Plate: An Experimental Study

Sarron, Jean-Claude; Dannawi, M.; Faure, A.; Caillou, J P; Cunha, J Da; Robert, René

doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000133575.48065.3f

Cited by 34 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The internal structure of the skull does, however, influence the fractures that develop with ballistic impact as described by Fenton et al [19], an effect that is seen in our skull model when fracture lines run through the skull base. How our models compare with the more biofidelic surrogates of Sarron et al [20] and Freitas et al [21] is a subject for future work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sarron et al [20] undertook two sets of experiments using initially dry skulls, and later cadaveric heads, both protected by plates of helmet materials. The models were also instrumented with pressure sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The surrogates were fitted with a protective helmet and impacted with a series of ammunition types. As the intent of the study was to look at BHBT and, as with Sarron et al [20], produce a nonpenetrating impact, a ceramic applique was fitted to the front of the helmet for high energy ammunition (7.62 × 39 and 7.62 × 51 mm). Flash X-ray was used to capture the maximum back face deformation of the helmets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Forensic reconstruction of two military combat related shooting incidents using an anatomically correct synthetic skull with a surrogate skin/soft tissue layer

et al. 2018

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Six synthetic head models wearing ballistic protective helmets were used to recreate two military combat-related shooting incidents (three per incident, designated 'Incident 1' and 'Incident 2'). Data on the events including engagement distances, weapon and ammunition types was collated by the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. The models were shot with 7.62 × 39 mm ammunition downloaded to mean impact velocities of 581 m/s (SD 3.5 m/s) and 418 m/s (SD 8 m/s), respectively, to simulate the engagement distances. The damage to the models was assessed using CT imaging and dissection by a forensic pathologist experienced in reviewing military gunshot wounds. The helmets were examined by an MoD engineer experienced in ballistic incident analysis. Damage to the helmets was consistent with that seen in real incidents. Fracture patterns and CT imaging on two of the models for Incident 1 (a frontal impact) were congruent with the actual incident being modelled. The results for Incident 2 (a temporoparietal impact) produced realistic simulations of tangential gunshot injury but were less representative of the scenario being modelled. Other aspects of the wounds produced also exhibited differences. Further work is ongoing to develop the models for greater ballistic injury fidelity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Forensic reconstruction of two military combat related shooting incidents using an anatomically correct synthetic skull with a surrogate skin/soft tissue layer

et al. 2018

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“…Some studies point out the importance of the clearance between helmet and skull [67], with distances greater than 11-12 mm needed to prevent skull fracture. A thin layer of nc or nt-ufc steel in the inner liner of a helmet made of a composite strong enough (or another material spreading the shock) may help to reduce the deformation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ballistic performance of nanocrystalline and nanotwinned ultrafine crystal steel

et al. 2012

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Because of their remarkable mechanical properties, nanocrystalline metals have been the focus of much research in recent years. Refining their grain size to the nanometer range (<100 nm) effectively reduces their dislocation mobility, thus achieving very high yield strength and surface hardness-as predicted by the Hall-Petch relation-as well as higher strain-rate sensitivity. Recent works have additionally suggested that nanocrystalline metals exhibit an even higher compressive strength under shock loading. However, the increase in strength of these materials is generally accompanied by an important reduction in ductility. As an alternative, efforts have been focused on ultrafine crystals, i.e. polycrystals with a grain size in the range of 500 nm to 1 \im, in which "growth twins" (twins introduced inside the grain before deformation) act as barriers against dislocation movement, thus increasing the strength in a similar way as nanocrystals but without significant loss of ductility. Due to their outstanding mechanical properties, both nanocrystalline and nanotwinned ultrafine crystalline steels appear to be relevant candidates for ballistic protection. The aim of the present work is to compare their ballistic performance against coarse-grained steel, as well as to identify the effect of the hybridization with a carbon fiber-epoxy composite layer. Hybridization is proposed as a way to improve the nanocrystalline brittle properties in a similar way as is done with ceramics in other protection systems. The experimental campaign is finally complemented by numerical simulations to help identify some of the intrinsic deformation mechanisms not observable experimentally. As a conclusion, nanocrystalline and nanotwinned ultrafine crystals show a lower energy absorption than coarse-grained steel under ballistic loading, but under equal impact conditions with no penetration, deformation in the impact direction is smaller by nearly 40%. This a priori surprising difference in the energy absorption is rationalized by the more important local contribution of the deviatoric stress vs. volumetric stress under impact than under uniaxial deformation. Ultimately, the deformation advantage could be exploited in the future for personal protection systems where a small deformation under impact is of key importance.

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“…The currently accepted head shielding gear (a personal helmet) is totally ineffective against bullets. 6 It is mainly aimed to protect against blunt trauma and partially to stop shrapnel. This ineffectiveness is mainly due to the fact that, as of today, materials used for antibullet personal shielding are too heavy to be worn on the head.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomic Distribution of Bullet Head Injuries in Combat Fatalities

Ran

Yagudaev

Kosashvili

et al. 2010

Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection &Amp; Critical Care

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Dynamic Effects of a 9 mm Missile on Cadaveric Skull Protected by Aramid, Polyethylene or Aluminum Plate: An Experimental Study

Cited by 34 publications

References 5 publications

Forensic reconstruction of two military combat related shooting incidents using an anatomically correct synthetic skull with a surrogate skin/soft tissue layer

Forensic reconstruction of two military combat related shooting incidents using an anatomically correct synthetic skull with a surrogate skin/soft tissue layer

Ballistic performance of nanocrystalline and nanotwinned ultrafine crystal steel

Anatomic Distribution of Bullet Head Injuries in Combat Fatalities

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