Dynamic effects of higher education expenditures on human capital and economic growth: an evaluation of OECD countries

Özbal, Ece Özdoğan

doi:10.1080/23322969.2021.1893125

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Although the concept of human capital is limited to education (Adejumo et al. , 2021; Özdoğan Özbal, 2021; Ranjan, 2020; Burgess, 2016; Adedeji and Campbell, 2013), in the growth literature some are regarding health as another fundamental element of human capital (Hatak and Zhou, 2021; Thinagar et al. , 2021; Zhao and Du, 2021; Currie, 2020; Parro and Pohl, 2018; Churchill et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health expenditures (total, public and private) and per capita income in the BRICS+T: panel bootstrap causality analysis

Canbay

Kırca

2022

JEFAS

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Purpose The study aims to determine whether there is a bidirectional causality relationship between health expenditures and per capita income in Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey (BRICS+T). Design/methodology/approach For that purpose, the 2000–2018 period data of the variables were tested with the Kónya (2006) panel causality test. Additionally, the causality relationships between public and private health expenditures and per capita income were also investigated in the study. Findings According to the analysis results, there is no statistically significant causality relationship from total health expenditures and public health expenditures to per capita income in the relevant countries. Besides, there is a unidirectional causality relationship from private health expenditures to per capita income only in Turkey. On the other hand, a unidirectional causality relationship from per capita income to total health expenditures in China, Russia, Turkey and South Africa and from per capita income to public health expenditures in India, Russia, Turkey and South Africa were determined. Consequently, a causality relationship from per capita income to private health expenditures was found out in Russia and Turkey. Originality/value The variables are tested for the first time for BRICS+T countries, vis-à-vis the period under consideration and the method used.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health expenditures (total, public and private) and per capita income in the BRICS+T: panel bootstrap causality analysis

Canbay

Kırca

2022

JEFAS

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“…Hamilton ( 2000 ) used current education expenditures to measure investment in human capital, and Vorontsova et al ( 2021 ) used the same indicator as a factor to show the effect on the digitalization gap. Özdogan Özbal ( 2021 ) evaluated the long-term effects of high education expenditures and proved that they are positive for the development of human capital through data from OECD countries. Zhylinska et al ( 2020 ) used the number of researchers in R&D (per million people) to characterize the potential to produce human capital.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Influencing Factors of International Trade in Digitally Deliverable Services

Zhi

Song

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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IntroductionInternational trade in digitally deliverable services has been developing rapidly in recent years, especially during pandemics. However, the growth rate and scale differ among regions and countries. To promote the growth and bridge the divide of global trade in digitally deliverable services, we provide feasible policy suggestions in this paper.MethodsBased on panel data of 33 countries' digitally deliverable service trade from 2005 to 2020, this study analyzes the development trends and influencing factors of international trade in digital-global service trade.ResultsThe development of digitally deliverable services in developed countries is far ahead, while in emerging economies such as China and India, it is growing at a high speed. Digital infrastructure; human capital; and science, technology, and innovation capacity have a significant impact on the digitally deliverable trade of countries with the level of STI playing the most important influence. Further, heterogeneity analysis shows that human capital and STI capacity are more sensitive to the digitally deliverable trade of middle-income countries than to the impact of high-income countries, and the contribution of population in middle-income countries is more pronounced.ConclusionAs the proportion of digital trade in global trade continues to increase, the role of digital service trade in countries' sustainable development is becoming more prominent. To cope with such opportunities and challenges, countries, especially developing countries, should actively increase digital infrastructure construction, improve talent training, vigorously develop digital technology, and enhance their innovation capacity.

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“…Thus, they will make a joint decision to enter higher education, comparing the cost of tuition fees at HEIs, the possibilities of financing with their own resources (Qu, 2009) or the possibility of financing with public or private entities (Nizar and Nazir, 2020;Suhendra, 2020). In this way, of the total number of applicants (high school graduates), only those students who have the financial capacity or who perceive some benefit or a better opportunity cost of higher education in the terms expressed in the Human Capital Theory will be admitted (Chen and DesJardins, 2008;Chen and DesJardins, 2010;Özdoğan, 2021).…”

Section: Economic Effects Of Drop-out On the Student And Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rural Population and COVID-19: A Model for Assessing the Economic Effects of Drop-Out in Higher Education

2021

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Higher education is one of the ways to overcome social inequalities in rural areas in developing countries. This has led states to develop public policies aimed at access, retention and timely graduation of students in those sectors, yet the high drop-out rates among the rural student population, which were catalysed by COVID-19, prevent the intrinsic and extrinsic benefits of obtaining a higher education degree from materialising. Thus, the study of the phenomenon of dropout before and after the pandemic has not sufficiently addressed the economic issues raised by this phenomenon for the different actors at the educational level. The purpose of this paper is to model the economic effects of rural student dropout at the higher education level for students and families, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and the State, based on public policies for access to higher education, in the pandemic and post-pandemic scenario. In order to delimit the operationalisation of the proposed model, a set of undergraduate training programmes in Colombia was taken as a reference. System dynamics was used as the main modelling technique. The model was based on data from the 20 training programmes with the highest number of students enrolled in rural areas for the year 2019, by running three computational simulations. The results showed the description of the dynamic model and the financial effects of dropout for the actors of the educational level with the current policies of access to higher education, the scenario in which COVID-19 would not have occurred and the consolidation of the public policy of tuition fee exemption in public HEIs as a result of the pandemic. It was concluded that the model developed is very useful for the valuation of these economic effects and for decision-making on policies to be implemented, given that the costs of dropout are characterised by high costs for students and their families as well as for HEIs, and where it was determined that current policies are inefficient in preventing and mitigating dropout.

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Dynamic effects of higher education expenditures on human capital and economic growth: an evaluation of OECD countries

Cited by 19 publications

References 49 publications

Health expenditures (total, public and private) and per capita income in the BRICS+T: panel bootstrap causality analysis

Health expenditures (total, public and private) and per capita income in the BRICS+T: panel bootstrap causality analysis

Development and Influencing Factors of International Trade in Digitally Deliverable Services

Rural Population and COVID-19: A Model for Assessing the Economic Effects of Drop-Out in Higher Education

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