Dynamic measurement of near-field radiative heat transfer

Lang, Slawa; Sharma, Gyan Prakash; Molesky, Sean; Kränzien, P. U.; Jalas, T.; Jacob, Zubin; Petrov, Alexander Yu.; Eich, Manfred

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14242-x

Cited by 36 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Recent evidence has also shown that HTLV-1 inserts an ectopic CTCF binding site forming loops between the provirus and host genome, altering expression of proviral and host genes ( 42 ). CTCF has also been shown to promote HSV-1 lytic transcription by facilitating the elongation of RNA Pol II and preventing silenced chromatin on the viral genome ( 43 ). Moreover, one can speculate that having a CTCF motif can not only help in maintaining viral genome confirmation but can also help insulate the chromatin activity of the neighborhood wherein the virus inserts into the host genome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-opted transposons help perpetuate conserved higher-order chromosomal structures

Choudhary

Friedman

Wang

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Transposable elements (TEs) make up half of mammalian genomes and shape genome regulation by harboring binding sites for regulatory factors. These include architectural proteins—such as CTCF, RAD21 and SMC3—that are involved in tethering chromatin loops and marking domain boundaries. The 3D organization of the mammalian genome is intimately linked to its function and is remarkably conserved. However, the mechanisms by which these structural intricacies emerge and evolve have not been thoroughly probed. Here we show that TEs contribute extensively to both the formation of species-specific loops in humans and mice via deposition of novel anchoring motifs, as well as to the maintenance of conserved loops across both species via CTCF binding site turnover. The latter function demonstrates the ability of TEs to contribute to genome plasticity and reinforce conserved genome architecture as redundant loop anchors. Deleting such candidate TEs in human cells leads to a collapse of such conserved loop and domain structures. These TEs are also marked by reduced DNA methylation and bear mutational signatures of hypomethylation through evolutionary time. TEs have long been considered a source of genetic innovation; by examining their contribution to genome topology, we show that TEs can contribute to regulatory plasticity by inducing redundancy and potentiating genetic drift locally while conserving genome architecture globally, revealing a paradigm for defining regulatory conservation in the noncoding genome beyond classic sequence-level conservation.One-sentence summaryCo-option of transposable elements maintains conserved 3D genome structures via CTCF binding site turnover in human and mouse.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-opted transposons help perpetuate conserved higher-order chromosomal structures

Choudhary

Friedman

Wang

et al. 2018

Preprint

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confidence: 99%

A near-field radiative heat transfer device

2019

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Recently, many works have experimentally demonstrated near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) exceeding the far-field blackbody limit between planar surfaces [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] . Due to the difficulties associated with maintaining the nanosize gaps required for measuring a nearfield enhancement, these demonstrations have been limited to experiments that cannot be implemented into actual applications. This poses a significant bottleneck to the advancement of NFRHT research. Here, we describe devices bridging laboratory-scale measurements and potential NFRHT engineering applications in energy conversion 16,17 and thermal management 18-20 . We report a maximum NFRHT enhancement of ~ 28.5 over the blackbody limit with devices made of millimeter-sized doped silicon (Si) surfaces separated by vacuum gap spacings down to ~ 110 nm. The devices capitalize on micropillars, separating the high-temperature emitter and low-temperature receiver, manufactured within micrometer-deep pits. These micropillars, which are ~ 4.5 to 45 times longer than the nanosize vacuum spacing where radiation transfer takes place, minimize parasitic heat conduction without sacrificing device structural integrity. The robustness of our devices enables gap spacing visualization via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) prior to *

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“…However, their measurements were not convincing mainly due to the lack of capability in achieving a subwavelength vacuum gap separation. This technical difficulty has been addressed by placing micro/nano-spacers between planar structures as a practical and cost-effective way to achieve a subwavelength gap spacing between large plates [2,16,[32][33][34][35][36][37]. However, undesired heat conduction through spacer-plate contacts prevents a direct measurement of near-field thermal radiation, often necessitating tedious post-processing to exclude the heat conduction contribution from the measurement.…”

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confidence: 99%

Precision Measurement of Phonon-Polaritonic Near-Field Energy Transfer between Macroscale Planar Structures Under Large Thermal Gradients

et al. 2018

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Despite its strong potentials in emerging energy applications, near-field thermal radiation between large planar structures has not been fully explored in experiments. Particularly, it is extremely challenging to control a subwavelength gap distance with good parallelism under large thermal gradients. This article reports the precision measurement of near-field radiative energy transfer between two macroscale single-crystalline quartz plates that support surface phonon polaritons. Our measurement scheme allows the precise control of a gap distance down to 200 nm in a highly reproducible manner for a surface area of 5×5 mm^{2}. We have measured near-field thermal radiation as a function of the gap distance for a broad range of thermal gradients up to ∼156 K, observing more than 40 times enhancement of thermal radiation compared to the blackbody limit. By comparing with theoretical prediction based on fluctuational electrodynamics, we demonstrate that such remarkable enhancement is owing to phonon-polaritonic energy transfer across a nanoscale vacuum gap.

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Dynamic measurement of near-field radiative heat transfer

Cited by 36 publications

References 56 publications

Co-opted transposons help perpetuate conserved higher-order chromosomal structures

Co-opted transposons help perpetuate conserved higher-order chromosomal structures

A near-field radiative heat transfer device

Precision Measurement of Phonon-Polaritonic Near-Field Energy Transfer between Macroscale Planar Structures Under Large Thermal Gradients

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