“…For example, artificial neural networks (i.e., systems that learn from data) have been used in different biometric applications involving pattern classification and identification (of a human (Dinkar andSambyal 2012, Melin et al 2012), of driver (Wu and Ye 2009), of finger-vein patterns (Wu and Liu 2011), of iris recognition (Sibai et al 2011), of human action (Youssef and Asari 2013), of gait (Zeng and Wang 2012), of the face (Connolly et al 2013;Kuo et al 2011;Choi et al 2012;Banerjee and Datta 2013;Lin and Lin 2013;Müller et al 2013), of the hand (Michael et al 2008), of the skin (Zaidan et al 2014), by keystroke (Uzun and Bicakci 2012) and by gesture, speech, handwritten text recognition and the like). Various biometric systems are being developed in such a manner (face recognition, fingerprint identification, hand geometry biometrics, retina scan, iris scan, signature, voice analysis, palm vein authentication and others).…”