Dynamic properties of human visual evoked and omitted stimulus potentials

Bullock, Theodore H.; Karamürsel, Saçit; Achimowicz, Jerzy; McClune, Michael C.; Başar-Eroğlu, Canan

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(94)90017-5

Cited by 73 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In some OSR experiments, an earlier-latency negative wave peaking at about 200 ms and preceding the later positivity has also been found (Karamüsel and Bullock, 2000;Klinke et al, 1986). Comparing studies of the OSR in the visual modality to the results mentioned above reveals that similar OSRs are also elicited in visual paradigms (Bullock et al, 1994;Rogers et al, 1992). However, some differences in latency and distribution of the components have also been shown (Simson et al, 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…McCarthy and Donchin (1976) showed that temporal uncertainty reduces the P300 amplitude at central electrode sites in an auditory paradigm. More directly related, evidence for the elimination of the OSR by jittering the SOA has been shown by Bullock et al (1994) in a visual OSR paradigm and by Karamüsel and Bullock (2000) using auditory stimulation. Thus, it seems likely that temporally jittering the stimulus presentation would be beneficial to avoid a systematic response to no-stims in fast-rate eventrelated fMRI paradigms.…”

Section: Discussion Of the Implications For Fast-rate Event-related Fmentioning

confidence: 90%

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The ERP omitted stimulus response to “no-stim” events and its implications for fast-rate event-related fMRI designs

Busse

Woldorff

2003

NeuroImage

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussion Of the Implications For Fast-rate Event-related Fmentioning

confidence: 90%

The ERP omitted stimulus response to “no-stim” events and its implications for fast-rate event-related fMRI designs

Busse

Woldorff

2003

NeuroImage

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“…Mechanical threshold was lowest (curves 1-7) when crayfish were walking about their aquaria or were motionless and slowly moving antennae or antennulae (position 2). Occasionally, crayfish could be seen in position 3 above, and under these conditions the threshold was somewhat higher (curves [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slow wave sleep in crayfish

Ramón

Hernández‐Falcón²,

Nguyen³

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Clear evidence of sleep in invertebrates is still meager. Defined as a distinct state of reduced activity, arousability, attention, and initiative, it is well established in mammals, birds, reptiles, and teleosts. It is commonly defined by additional electroencephalographic criteria that are only well established in mammals and to some extent in birds. Sleep states similar to those in mammals, except for electrical criteria, seem to occur in some invertebrates, based on behavior and some physiological observations. Currently the most compelling evidence for sleep in invertebrates (evidence that meets most standard criteria for sleep) has been obtained in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. However, in mammals, sleep is also characterized by a brain state different from that at rest but awake. The electrophysiological slow wave criterion for this state is not seen in Drosophila or in honey bees. Here, we show that, in crayfish, a behavioral state with elevated threshold for vibratory stimulation is accompanied by a distinctive form of slow wave electrical activity of the brain, quite different from that during waking rest. Therefore, crayfish can attain a sleep state comparable to that of mammals. Sleep is clearly recognized as a state during which the body, not the brain, is passive. It has been studied mostly in mammals and to some extent in vertebrates (1) whereas studies in invertebrates are few and mostly about behavioral and some electrophysiological aspects (2, 3). However, recent genetic studies in flies (4-6) seem to show that these animals have a clearly distinct sleep state; thus, its demonstration in other invertebrates would show that sleep arose very early in evolution.A common assessment of brain states in mammals is based on the proportions of different frequency segments of the power spectrum of the electroencephalogram (EEG) (labeled alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and theta). To test in an invertebrate for the presence of a brain state that could be equivalent to sleep in vertebrates, we chose crayfish for three main reasons: (i) their relatively large size allows us to chronically implant electrodes on the brain (7); (ii) they are easy to maintain and record under laboratory conditions for extended periods of time, and (iii) we learned to recognize a resting position clearly distinguishable from other positions and during which they seem to be unaware of their environment (8) and had elevated thresholds for arousal.We first videotaped animals during periods of 24 h and noted specific stereotypic body positions, the hours of the day at which these occur, and the length of time spent in each position. At these times, we simultaneously recorded their spontaneous brain electrical activity. We also measured arousal thresholds to mechanical stimulation and ''event-related potentials'' with trains of light flashes that tested expectation, a mildly cognitive function. Because crayfish show several resting states during which they remain motionless, we define ''sleep'' as that condition during which the ...

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“…Human brains produce OSPs also. The authors carefully distinguish these from P300 waves and think it probable that human OSPs, like those of the fish, originate at the retinal level (34). That isolated retinas acquire, store, deliver, and ''forget'' information about environmental events indicates that when the primordial retinal neuropile moves away from the forebrain during embryology, it brings along the capacity to create and deliver complex, brain-like integrative functions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep modifies retinal ganglion cell responses in the normal rat

Galambos

Szabó-Salfay

Szatmári

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Recordings were obtained from the visual system of rats as they cycled normally between waking (W), slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Responses to flashes delivered by a light-emitting diode attached permanently to the skull were recorded through electrodes implanted on the cornea, in the chiasm, and on the cortex. The chiasm response reveals the temporal order in which the activated ganglion cell population exits the eyeball; as reported, this triphasic event is invariably short in latency (5-10 ms) and around 300 ms in duration, called the histogram. Here we describe the differences in the histograms recorded during W, SWS, and REM. SWS histograms are always larger than W histograms, and an REM histogram can resemble either. In other words, the optic nerve response to a given stimulus is labile; its configuration depends on whether the rat is asleep or awake. We link this physiological information with the anatomical fact that the brain dorsal raphe region, which is known to have a sleep regulatory role, sends fibers to the rat retina and receives fibers from it. At the cortical electrode, the visual cortical response amplitudes also vary, being largest during SWS. This well known phenomenon often is explained by changes taking place at the thalamic level. However, in the rat, the labile cortical response covaries with the labile optic nerve response, which suggests the cortical response enhancement during SWS is determined more by what happens in the retina than by what happens in the thalamus.optic chiasm ͉ 5-HT ͉ efferent retinal innervation W e have been studying the visual system of normal, behaving rats stimulated by a light-emitting diode (LED) permanently attached to the skull (1, 2). The red LED flashes activate the entire retina from behind the eyeball and evoke responses at electrodes implanted on the corneal surface of the eye, in the optic chiasm, and at the cortical terminal of the pathway. The overall objective is to describe the ganglion cell volley the retina creates as it converts rod͞cone photochemical information into its neuronal equivalents and to follow that neuronal activity as it moves past the chiasm electrode en route, mainly, to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the cortex beyond.We have reported already that optic nerve axons exit the eyeball in a rigidly prescribed order for about 300 ms after stimulus onset (1). These ganglion cell volleys, called A͞B͞C͞histograms ¶ because of their triphasic waveform, are the inevitable product of rat retinas excited by full-field stimuli, and, we have argued, of human retinas as well. Here we compare the histograms of sleeping and waking (W) rats, show they are labile, and conclude that optic nerve modulation probably is controlled by the serotonin fibers known to reach the retina from the midbrain dorsal raphe nuclei. Finally, we show that the well known cortical response enhancement during SWS is the approximate mirror image of the enhanced ganglion cell histogram, and we discuss the significance of this fact. ...

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Dynamic properties of human visual evoked and omitted stimulus potentials

Cited by 73 publications

References 13 publications

The ERP omitted stimulus response to “no-stim” events and its implications for fast-rate event-related fMRI designs

The ERP omitted stimulus response to “no-stim” events and its implications for fast-rate event-related fMRI designs

Slow wave sleep in crayfish

Sleep modifies retinal ganglion cell responses in the normal rat

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