Reduction–oxidation
(redox) reactions underlie essentially
all biogeochemical cycles. Like most soil properties and processes,
redox is spatiotemporally heterogeneous. However, unlike other soil
features, redox heterogeneity has yet to be incorporated into mainstream
conceptualizations of soil biogeochemistry. Anoxic microsites, the
defining feature of redox heterogeneity in bulk oxic soils and sediments,
are zones of oxygen depletion in otherwise oxic environments. In this
review, we suggest that anoxic microsites represent a critical component
of soil function and that appreciating anoxic microsites promises
to advance our understanding of soil and sediment biogeochemistry.
In sections 1 and 2, we define anoxic microsites and highlight their
dynamic properties, specifically anoxic microsite distribution, redox
gradient magnitude, and temporality. In section 3, we describe the
influence of anoxic microsites on several key elemental cycles, organic
carbon, nitrogen, iron, manganese, and sulfur. In section 4, we evaluate
methods for identifying and characterizing anoxic microsites, and
in section 5, we highlight past and current approaches to modeling
anoxic microsites. Finally, in section 6, we suggest steps for incorporating
anoxic microsites and redox heterogeneities more broadly into our
understanding of soils and sediments.