“…The air pollution has been becoming more and more frequent and severe in China, and is increasingly considered as a major factor to affect a city's livability and residents' well-being. Indeed, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have attracted much attention by government agencies, academia, as well as the general public (Kolmanovsky et al, 2011;Liao et al, 2012;Slavin et al, 2013;Yin et al, 2015;Martani et al, 2016;Jung et al, 2016;Levin et al, 2016;Zockaie et al, 2016;Taheri et al, 2016;Chen and Guan, 2017). Almost 30% of GHG emissions are determined by the amount of fuels consumed by the transportation sector, which has been a major contributor to energy consumption and C 2018 Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering.…”