“…Density functional theory provides a powerful framework capable of obtaining increasingly precise descriptions of molecular polarizabilities and London dispersion forces [ 88 , 89 , 90 ]. Modifications of the force due to an intervening electrolyte medium [ 91 , 92 , 93 ], with the atomic motion in connection with quantum friction [ 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 ] or with non-local interferometric phases [ 106 , 107 , 108 ], the atomic internal state [ 109 ], and coming from boundary conditions imposed by nearby structures [ 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 ], have disclosed important features of the London–van der Waals interactions.…”