Dynamics of antiviral-resistant influenza viruses in the Netherlands, 2005–2008

Emergence of H274Y oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) influenza viruses in Japan during the 2008–2009 season

“…10,11 In contrast, the 2007-2008 season was marked by a striking increase in the prevalence of oseltamivirresistant A(H1N1) viruses in Northern Europe, the US, and South Africa. [3][4][5]25,26 As oseltamivir is rarely used in South Africa and the number of oseltamivir courses sold in the Northern Europe is 400 times lower (0.17-1.64/1000 inhabitants/year) 27 than in Japan, it is unlikely that drug selection pressure is the main factor contributing to the rapid rise of oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses. Instead, the A193T substitution in the HA1, belonging to receptor-binding domain and to antigenic site Sb, 28 might play a role in fixation of oseltamivir-resistant lineage in the population by a similar non-drug induced mechanism as for emergence of amantadine-resistance viruses.…”

Combination Effects of Peramivir and Favipiravir against Oseltamivir-Resistant 2009 Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Infection in Mice

“…Despite the fact that concerning potential events have yet to occur in the recurrent influenza seasons, a pandemic scenario involving the widespread distribution of antiviral-resistant variants always demands a comprehensive surveillance system for influenza [35]. The experimental results of in vivo transmission studies or simulations by mathematical modeling also underline the importance of medical preparedness for antiviral resistance [36], [37].…”

Comparative Analysis of Avian Influenza Virus Diversity in Poultry and Humans during a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H7N7) Virus Outbreak

“…Subsequently, positively selected sites within the human data set were detected using the single-likelihood ancestor counting (SLAC), the random effect likelihood (REL), and the fixed effect likelihood (FEL) methods of the Datamonkey website (36). Finally, HA and PB2 mutations were categorized based on the location in the gene segments and literature, while NA mutations were analyzed phenotypically for their effects on susceptibility to the antiviral drug oseltamivir carboxylate as described previously (24,37).…”