Dynamics of Early Childhood Overweight

Salsberry, Pamela J.; Reagan, Patricia B.

doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2583

Cited by 211 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Prenatal smoking and child overweight Our literature review yielded 14 studies eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis of smoking and overweight risk [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] ( Table 1). These studies included 84 563 children, and represent pregnancies that occurred from 1958 to 2002 in low and non-low income populations in Australia, North America, and Europe.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis

2007

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Objective: Perform a systematic review of studies reporting on the association between maternal prenatal cigarette smoking and child overweight. Design: Meta-analysis of observational studies. Data sources: Medline search and review of reference lists among studies published through June 2006. Review methods: Included studies reported an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of overweight among children at least 2 years of age. We did not include in the meta-analysis studies that provided only a continuous measure of adiposity, although those studies are discussed separately. Results: Based on results of 84 563 children reported in 14 observational studies, children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy were at elevated risk for overweight (pooled adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.50, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.65) at ages 3-33 years, compared with children whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy. The pooled estimate from unadjusted odds ratios (OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.69) was similar to the adjusted estimate, suggesting that sociodemographic and behavioral differences between smokers and nonsmokers did not explain the observed association. Although we observed evidence for publication bias, simulating a symmetric set of studies yielded a similar estimate (OR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.26, 1.55). Conclusions:Prenatal smoking exposure appears to increase rates of overweight in childhood. In parts of the world undergoing the epidemiologic transition, the continuing increase in smoking among young women could contribute to spiraling increases in rates of obesity-related health outcomes in the 21st century.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis

2007

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“…The publication of an addendum in the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population, including a specific topic with recommendations regarding pregnancy and postpartum, is of utmost importance, since this stage of life represents a good opportunity for nutritional education (42) . Maternal nutrition not only influences birth outcomes but ultimately impacts on the long-term health status of the offspring (59)(60)(61) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibre intake and evolution of BMI: from pre-pregnancy to postpartum

Drehmer

Camey

Nunes

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To evaluate the effect of fibre intake on the evolution of maternal BMI from pregnancy to postpartum and to identify dietary patterns associated with fibre intake. Design: Cohort study. Food intake was obtained using an FFQ. Focused principal component analysis was used focusing on the variables: postpartum weight retention and total dietary fibre intake. Poisson regression models with robust variance were built in order to measure the effect of fibre intake during the postpartum period on obesity risk. Setting: Primary care clinics in southern Brazil. Subjects: Pregnant women (n 370) were followed until the 5th month postpartum. Results: The highest contribution to fibre intake came from the consumption of beans. Consumption of bread and rice indicated a common Brazilian food pattern along with beans. Participants retained a median of 4?4 (interquartile range 0?6, 7?9) kg of weight gained during pregnancy. Obesity risk, defined as an unfavourable evolution of BMI during pregnancy and postpartum, was present in 189 (55?1 %) women. Individual food items did not have an important effect on weight retention. In Poisson regression adjusting for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI and total gestational weight gain, inadequate postpartum fibre intake increased obesity risk by 24 % (relative risk 5 1?24; 95 % CI 1?05, 1?47). Conclusions: Important maternal weight retention occurred in these women. Adequate fibre intake may reduce obesity risk in the period following childbirth. Keywords Postpartum BMI Fibre intake Maternal obesityThe postpartum period appears to be a critical period for obesity development in women of reproductive age due to maternal weight retention determined by a series of interrelated factors (1,2) . Gestational weight gain above the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) is considered the most important predictor for postpartum weight retention, increasing the short-, medium-and long-term risk obesity (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) .Among other factors associated with postpartum weight variation, maternal age, parity, social and demographic factors as well as pre-pregnancy nutritional status represent non-modifiable factors or ones that occur before pregnancy (1,2) . Modifiable factors related to lifestyle, such as diet, physical activity, smoking and lactation, and their effects on the postpartum weight evolution, are still relatively underexplored in the literature (9)(10)(11)(12) .Maternal energy intake needs to be increased in both pregnancy and postpartum in order to meet physiological demands. The American Dietetic Association recommends that food intake in pregnancy and the postpartum period should be based on whole grains, fruit and vegetables, aiming at meeting recommended vitamin and mineral contents (13) . Nutritional restriction is discouraged even for obese women in the postpartum period, and methods that emphasize a fast weight loss are not recommended (14) . Approximately 13-20 % of women do not return to their pre-pregnancy weight, showing significant postpartum weig...

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“…While this could be the result of shared genetic predisposition and a similar lifestyle, there is now increasing evidence suggesting that an obesogenic uterine environment is of major importance in modulating long-term risk of adiposity and related outcomes. This evidence includes several reports that suggest that children of obese mothers have a higher risk of obesity than children of obese fathers (22)(23)(24) . Also, children born to formerly obese women who had undergone bariatric surgery leading to weight loss, had only half the risk of becoming obese as compared with their older brothers and sisters who had been born prior to bariatric surgery and hence under a less favourable prenatal metabolic and endocrine environment (25) .…”

Section: Fuel-mediated In Utero Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Early nutrition programming of long-term health

et al. 2012

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Increasing evidence from the EU Project EARNEST and many other investigators demonstrates that early nutrition and lifestyle have long-term effects on later health and the risk of common non-communicable diseases (known as 'developmental programming'). Because of the increasing public health importance and the transgenerational nature of the problem, obesity and associated disorders are the focus of the new EU funded project 'EarlyNutrition'. Currently, three key hypotheses have been defined: the fuel mediated 'in utero' hypothesis suggests that intrauterine exposure to an excess of fuels, most notably glucose, causes permanent changes of the fetus that lead to obesity in postnatal life; the accelerated postnatal weight gain hypothesis proposes an association between rapid weight gain in infancy and an increased risk of later obesity and adverse outcomes; and the mismatch hypothesis suggests that experiencing a developmental 'mismatch' between a sub-optimal perinatal and an obesogenic childhood environment is related to a particular predisposition to obesity and corresponding co-morbidities. Using existing cohort studies, ongoing and novel intervention studies and a basic science programme to investigate those key hypotheses, project EarlyNutrition will provide the scientific foundations for evidence-based recommendations for optimal nutrition considering long-term health outcomes, with a focus on obesity and related disorders. Scientific and technical expertise in placental biology, epigenetics and metabolomics will provide understanding at the cellular and molecular level of the relationships between early life nutritional status and the risk of later adiposity. This will help refine strategies for intervention in early life to prevent obesity.Early nutrition: Developmental programming: Obesity and related disorders:

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Dynamics of Early Childhood Overweight

Cited by 211 publications

References 64 publications

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis

Fibre intake and evolution of BMI: from pre-pregnancy to postpartum

Early nutrition programming of long-term health

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