Dynamics of Foaming of Polystyrene Particles

Salejova, Gabriela; Košek, Juraj

doi:10.1002/masy.200651122

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Under the simplifying assumption of volume additivity, the volume fraction of the penetrant ϕ 1 can be expressed as (2) where ρ pol and ρ 1,LIQ are the temperature-dependent densities of the polymer 33 and penetrant, 33,34 respectively, V mix is the volume of the polymer−solvent mixture, V pol is the volume of the polymer, V 1 is the volume of the penetrant, and S is the penetrant solubility per unit mass of polymer obtained from gravimetric measurements…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study of Sorption and Diffusion of n-Pentane in Polystyrene

et al. 2013

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Polystyrene (PS) foams are widespread heat insulation and impact absorption materials, but many blowing agents used in their production are harmful to the environment. Pentane is a less harmful alternative and is commonly used in the manufacturing of expandable PS, but there are inadequate diffusion data of pentane in PS available in the literature at conditions relevant to PS impregnation and foaming. We conducted gravimetric measurements of sorption dynamics of n-pentane in PS particles and thin films at temperatures from 45 to 110°C and pressures from 0 to 4.8 bar. The measured data were fitted using the Fick's and case II diffusion models and the obtained transport parameters are presented together with an analysis of the dominant diffusion mechanism. We also present the Flory−Huggins interaction parameter for the PS + n-pentane system and show that it can be used to accurately predict the sorption equilibria. This paper thus provides important parameters for the optimization of PS foam production.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study of Sorption and Diffusion of n-Pentane in Polystyrene

et al. 2013

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“…Some researchers have used supercritical CO 2 (ScCo 2 ) and ScN 2 as physical blowing agents to study the in situ observation of the foaming dynamics (nucleation and bubble growth), 18 –22 but a few researchers such as Salejova and Kosek, 23 Azimi et al, 6 and Kasiri et al 7 have studied the foaming dynamics of impregnated particles using pentane as a blowing agent. It is noted that nucleation phenomenon and bubble growth behavior have not been investigated deeply in the foaming system using pentane as the blowing agent compared to ScCO 2 and ScN 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So, according to classical nucleation theory, nucleation rate is low, and the prepared foams by this foaming system have lower cell density compared to the high-pressure foaming systems. 6,7,23…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of copolymer composition, gas content, and temperature on the bubbles nucleation and growth of styrene–methyl methacrylate copolymer/n-pentane foaming process

Salehi

Rezaei

Hosseini

2018

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

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The foaming process involves three important steps: nucleation, bubble growth, and stability. In the present work, the foaming dynamics of styrene–methyl methacrylate (St-MMA) copolymer/ n-pentane batch foaming system was studied at nonpressurized condition using rapid temperature increasing method. Synthesized copolymers with different compositions were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and rheological measurements. An in situ foaming observation apparatus was designed, and the foaming dynamics (nucleation and bubble growth behavior) was studied. Dissolved n-pentane contents in all synthesized copolymer compositions at saturation temperatures, near their glass transition temperatures, were determined. The effects of foaming temperature, copolymer composition, and n-pentane content on the foaming dynamics of St-MMA copolymer/ n-pentane system were investigated. The foaming results revealed that the nucleation rate was increased with the increasing foaming temperature, while two other aforementioned parameters were kept constant. The nucleation and bubble growth rate were decreased with increasing MMA units in copolymer composition and increased with dissolved n-pentane content increment in copolymer matrix.

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“…14 Production methods of polymer film and foam materials have all been extensively reported over the decades accompanied by a wide range of applications. 5,[14][15][16] Foaming occurs most commonly in extrusion, injection molding or batch processing aided by a physical (i.e. CO 2 , Pentane) [17][18][19][20] or chemical blowing agent (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on the fabrication of plasticized polystyrene-carbon nanotube nanocomposites for foaming

Fernández

Okoli

2016

Journal of Cellular Plastics

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The impregnation of carbon nanotubes within fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) is a sought after capability for the advancement of composite systems. This study evaluates the novel processing of a carbon nanotube nanocomposite that has been developed to incorporate varying carbon nanotube loadings within final composite foams. This material is manufactured through a melt mix process of carbon nanotubes and polystyrene at $2.0-13.0 wt.% that further underwent a plasticization process in an acetone solvent. The chemical foaming agent 2.2 0-Azobi(isobutyronitrile) is used to facilitate foaming at a constant 3.0 wt.% concentration. The foamed nanocomposite results in a carbon nanotube-loaded micro-porous structure showing capabilities of delivering localized carbon nanotube placement within fiber composite laminate systems. This report's aim is to illustrate the effects of plasticizing polystyrene-carbon nanotube nanocomposite and calendaring the softened material to form foams imbedded with carbon nanotubes (carbon nanotubes). Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were the tools that are used to characterize the materials at the various morphologies with their findings inclusive.

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Dynamics of Foaming of Polystyrene Particles

Cited by 11 publications

References 16 publications

Experimental Study of Sorption and Diffusion of n-Pentane in Polystyrene

Experimental Study of Sorption and Diffusion of n-Pentane in Polystyrene

The effect of copolymer composition, gas content, and temperature on the bubbles nucleation and growth of styrene–methyl methacrylate copolymer/n-pentane foaming process

A study on the fabrication of plasticized polystyrene-carbon nanotube nanocomposites for foaming

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