Dynamics of Measured and Simulated Dissolved Phosphorus in Runoff from Winter‐Applied Dairy Manure

Abstract

Abbreviations: CT, chisel tillage; NSE, Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency; NT, no-till; RSR, the ratio of root mean square error to the standard deviation of observed values; SWE, snow-water equivalent; WEP, water-extractable phosphorus.

Agricultural Water Quality in Cold Climates: Processes, Drivers, Management Options, and Research Needs

“…In certain circumstances (i.e., wet falls), fall manure applications can result in similar amounts of or even more P losses in surface runoff than winter manure applications (Liu et al, 2017). Stock et al (2019) and Vadas et al (2019) further show that soil and hydrological conditions are more reliable than date in determining manure application timing. If winter manure applications must occur, they should be before snow cover or significant soil frost develops and onto a rough soil surface that can promote depressional water storage and infiltration.…”

“…A diagram showing key agronomic, biogeochemical, and hydrological characteristics influencing nutrient losses in cold agricultural regions. The papers in this special section investigate different aspects of these characteristics, including the importance of the nongrowing season (Good et al, 2019; Plach et al, 2019; Ulén et al, 2019) and snowmelt (Hoffman et al, 2019; Kokulan et al, 2019; Wilson et al, 2019a) in annual flow and nutrient transport, the impacts of vegetative nutrient release (Cober et al, 2019; Costa et al, 2019; Liu et al, 2019b; Schneider et al, 2019; Vanrobaeys et al, 2019), the impacts of winter and fall nutrient applications (He et al, 2019; Sadhukhan et al, 2019; Smith et al, 2019; Stock et al, 2019; Vadas et al, 2019; Vetsch et al, 2019; Zopp et al, 2019), the influence of soil on nutrient loss (Dharmakeerthi et al, 2019; Liu et al, 2019a; Satchithanantham et al, 2019; Wilson et al, 2019b), and the patterns of nutrient concentrations in streams (Casson et al, 2019). …”

“…Overall, during the nongrowing season and early growing season of cold climates, actual evapotranspiration is low and the precipitation/evapotranspiration ratio is relatively high, resulting in high runoff potential. This can elevate the risk of nutrient losses in cold climates, particularly when there is a supply of nutrients from sources such as fertilizer, manure (Stock et al, 2019; Vadas et al, 2019), plant materials (Costa et al, 2019; Liu et al, 2019b), and surface soils (Liu et al, 2019a; Wilson et al, 2019b).…”

“…After freeze-thaw cycles, the release of nutrients from soils (Liu et al, 2019b) and plant materials (e.g., crop residues and vegetated buffer strips; Costa et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2019b;Vanrobaeys et al, 2019) can be elevated. Also, nutrients added to soils with livestock manure (Stock et al, 2019;Vadas et al, 2019), synthetic fertilizers (Van Esbroeck et al, 2016) and crop residues (Cober et al, 2019) in fall and winter are exposed to a prolonged nongrowing season during which there is high potential for losses to the environment. However, it should be noted that some studies have suggested the potential of soils to sorb P that is released from vegetation or present in runoff under cold conditions (Liu et al, 2019b;Satchithanantham et al, 2019).…”

“…Stock et al (2019) find that nutrient loads associated with winter manure applications can be reduced when targeting manure applications to soils with less frost development, as such soils have greater infiltration potential and hydraulic conductivity than frozen soils. Vadas et al (2019) point out that manure P concentrations in runoff after winter manure applications are predominantly affected by runoff hydrology (i.e., both the amount of water available to extract P from manure and the ratio of runoff volume to rain or snowmelt volume). In certain circumstances (i.e., wet falls), fall manure applications can result in similar amounts of or even more P losses in surface runoff than winter manure applications (Liu et al, 2017).…”