Dynamics of Rivalry between Geographically Contiguous Regional Powers: The Case of Sino‐Indian Competition

Chand, Bibek

doi:10.1111/aspp.12436

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…In the border area in Himachal Pradesh of India, most respondents believe that the pilgrimage route across Shipki La pass is shorter and easier and thus has great potential for tourism (Vasan, 2006). To make it easier for Indian pilgrims to go to Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar, the Chinese government opened the Nathu La pass as a second pilgrimage route in 2015, increasing the number of Indian pilgrims from hundreds every year in the 1980s to more than 20,000 in 2018 (Chand, 2019). This expanded the nongovernmental and cultural exchanges between China and India to a certain extent.…”

Section: Development Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary process and development implications of traditional trade routes in the Himalayan region

Yan

Zhang

et al. 2022

J. Geogr. Sci.

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Traditional trade routes that penetrate the natural barrier of the Himalayas are critical for connecting major Chinese and South Asian markets. Research on these trade routes can contribute significantly to facilitating the construction of the South Asian Corridor and enhancing trans-Himalayan connectivity. Combining historical literature, field surveys, and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, this study examined the spatial distribution characteristics and evolution process of the routes, focusing on transverse valleys of the Himalayan arc. The key findings were as follows. First, there are 21 traditional trade routes traversing the Himalayan region: six Sino-Nepalese routes, four Sino-Bhutanese routes, and eleven Sino-Indian routes. Second, the evolution of traditional trade routes has entailed five distinct phases: an incipient period (pre-7th century), formation (7th century-842 AD), development (842-1959), decline (1959-1962) and recovery (1962-present). Third, the incipient and formative developmental phases were prompted by the spread of Buddhism and the exchange of goods. The stability of local governments in Tibet and Central China and favourable border trade policies along with Britain's colonial expansion and commercial interests stimulated further development of traditional trade routes. However, India's strategic miscalculation and "Forward Policy" instigated the decline phase, while the demands of regional cooperation and development are currently the key drivers of the restoration and construction phase. Finally, to shelve disputes, promote cooperation and development, and enhance political mutual trust, governments should recover and construct traditional trade routes by replanning and constructing border trade markets, expanding border trade, developing pilgrimage and tourism, and strengthening cross-border cooperative research under global climate change.

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Section: Development Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary process and development implications of traditional trade routes in the Himalayan region

Yan

Zhang

et al. 2022

J. Geogr. Sci.

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“…Instead, as is seen in India-China relations, even when there is an intra-role clash, the two countries tend to cooperate on specific issues where their interests converge. Standard explanations (see Joshi & Mukherjee, 2019;Chand, 2019;Malik, 1995; focus heavily on either the India-China conflict of 1962 or transgressions at the border without explaining their reasons for ongoing cooperation on other issues. Taking a cue from this work, scholars and theorists need to appreciate that countries can continue to compete against each other while also cooperating on areas of common interests.…”

Section: Theoretical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

India in the Indo-Pacific

Malhotra¹

2022

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In view of the fast-changing world order, emerging countries are increasingly influencing the dynamics of regional securities. This timely and in-depth book examines India’s reorienting strategic posture and describes how New Delhi’s security policy in the Indo-Pacific region has evolved and expanded over the past two decades. The author argues that India’s quest to leverage its geostrategic location to emerge as an Indo-Pacific actor faces multiple challenges, which create a clear divide between the country’s political rhetoric and action on the ground. The author critically examines these contradictions to better situate India's security role in an increasingly fluid Indo-Pacific region.

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“…Besides these, contiguity is another important factor. It is argued that contiguous dyads are more likely to be rivals and prepare the ground for war than non-contiguous states (Colaresi et al 2008) because proximate states are more likely to be entangled in disputes, thus, they build security structures to meet any eventuality (Chand 2019). Security concerns increase in the presence of contentious disputes, making the autocratic contiguous states skeptical about the intentions of other states.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Maintenance of Rivalries and Causes of Wars in the Middle East

Khan¹,

Ali²

2022

kjis

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When assessing the rivalries and wars, understanding their causes is essential. Employing panel regression model, this article examines the data from 1962 to 2001. We find that arms races, contiguity, and joint autocracy play an essential role in making states rival in the Middle East. Rivalry among these states develops and persists when proximate authoritarian states are involved in building their armed forces, suggesting that in the presence of military buildups, autocratic states deliberately manipulate the issues at stake, making the rivalry increasingly hostile. This study also reports that military buildup and contiguity increase the probability of war among the regional rivals. This is because proximity enables states to project their limited military prowess within the periphery, leading to escalation. Howbeit, this study also argues that high level of authoritarianism does not correlate with wars. Instead, autocrats are wary of shaking their fragile states, using armed rivalry only as an outlet of inner tensions.

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Dynamics of Rivalry between Geographically Contiguous Regional Powers: The Case of Sino‐Indian Competition

Cited by 4 publications

References 50 publications

Evolutionary process and development implications of traditional trade routes in the Himalayan region

Evolutionary process and development implications of traditional trade routes in the Himalayan region

India in the Indo-Pacific

Understanding the Maintenance of Rivalries and Causes of Wars in the Middle East

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