“…One important application is the study of protein and RNA folding, processes that involve a large dynamic range in both length and time scales, with many important processes involved in hydrophobic collapse occurring on the microsecond to millisecond time scale (Kathuria et al, 2011;Sosnick & Barrick, 2011;Svergun & Koch, 2003;Thirumalai et al, 2001;Woodson, 2010). Similarly, ligand and RNA/DNA binding (Wee et al, 2012), assembly of lipid bilayer structures and nano-particle-based drug delivery systems (Johnson & Prud'homme, 2003), vesicle formation (Weiss et al, 2005;Guida, 2010), protein association (Doyle et al, 2004) and conformational dynamics (Chattopadhyay et al, 2002;Werner et al, 2006;Srajer & Royer, 2008) also typically occur on a sub-millisecond timescale. The most common way to experimentally investigate such processes is to initiate them by rapid mixing of individual components and/or changing the solvent, pH or ionic strength, using various microfluidic devices.…”