Dynamics of Total and Free Iodothyronines of Jumping Horses on the Responses to Competition and Transport

Fazio, Esterina; Medica, Pietro; Cravana, Cristina; Pellizzotto, Roberta; Fragalà, Santo; Ferlazzo, Adriana

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2014.11.006

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(26 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…However, the increase in T4 argues for direct thyroidal regulation (Fazio et al, 2015;Ferlazzo et al, 2020) and thus for activation of the HPT in eventing horses during intense exercise, which is consistent with the opinion of Ferlazzo et al (2020). Fazio et al (2015) speculated that an increase in T4 concentration may be associated with a higher efficiency of the mechanical work performed by the exercising muscle.…”

Section: Hpa and Hpt Axessupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Ensuring energy supply during exercise involves endocrine responses. Cortisol modulates physical and mental performance demands on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis (Fazio et al, 2015;Ferlazzo et al, 2018Ferlazzo et al, , 2020González et al, 1998;Kowalik & Tomaszewska, 2018;Liburt et al, 2013). Ferlazzo et al (2018) resumed that in different equine disciplines, the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and a connection to the HPA axis in response to physical exercise are suspected but not yet understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although T4 can only be formed in the thyroid gland, T3 can also be synthesized extrathyroidally in target tissues such as muscles (Fazio et al, 2015). T3 increases after standardized exercise tests in standardbred racehorses (Fazio et al, 2022) and maximal speed tests in thoroughbred racehorses (González et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Blood‐based assessment of oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine and metabolic adaptations in eventing horses accounting for plasma volume shift after exercise

Giers,

Bartel,

Kirsch

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundAfter submaximal exercise, blood values of eventing horses show physiological reactions.ObjectivesThis prospective longitudinal study investigated blood parameters in 20 elite eventing horses before and after two–four‐star cross‐country rides.MethodsUsing a mixed model adjusting for plasma volume shift, we assessed exercise‐dependent parameters and compared blood values with reference ranges for healthy horses at rest.ResultsFollowing exercise, cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) showed short‐term increases, and superoxide‐dismutase showed a small short‐term increase. Hepatic values showed short‐term (haemoglobin [HGB], globulins) or sustained increases (bilirubin, glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase). Digestion‐related parameters showed small short‐term increases (α‐amylase, triglycerides) or decreases (cholesterol, DGGR‐lipase), apparent through plasma shift adjustment. Zinc decreased in the short term, and iron showed a delayed decrease. White blood cell count increased persistently after training, whereas serum amyloid A remained unchanged.ConclusionsExercised eventing horses had consistently elevated HGB and cortisol levels 10 and 30 min after submaximal exercise, exceeding the reference ranges for healthy horses at rest. Exercise activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical and hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axes. Antioxidant activity was observed. Increased energy requirements led to the mobilization of energy reserves, and a sustained increase in liver enzymes indicated hepatocellular injury. Mild haemolysis suggested increased muscle metabolism, whereas signs of inflammation were subtle. Further research is needed to identify which horses deviate from mean values.

show abstract

Section: Hpa and Hpt Axessupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Blood‐based assessment of oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine and metabolic adaptations in eventing horses accounting for plasma volume shift after exercise

Giers,

Bartel,

Kirsch

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Competition experience affected T 3 response to exercise, as demonstrated by increased concentrations of T 3 at 15 min after a mild exercise only in non-competitors, as well as by an increase of fT 3 levels in less experienced horses [1]. In trained horses, within physiological ranges, an increase of all iodothyronines after competition was recorded, although a significant effect of show jumping competition was recorded on fT 3 changes [20,53]. After an experimental show jumping, T 3 and fT 4 changes showed statistically significant correlations to fence height.…”

Section: The Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (Hpt) Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As sentient beings, all animal species can show affect, emotion, feelings, and suffering, and their different cognitive ability and awareness can have a large influence on coping systems [18,19]. The response to stressors is dependent on collative factors' influence, such as novelty, previous experience, and presence of conspecifics [20][21][22]. Hence, the individual response to stress is, ultimately, the function of individual "allostatic load," i.e., the capacity of perception of stress and its control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The different hormonal system during exercise stress coping in horses

et al. 2020

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The review discusses the hormonal changes during exercise stress. The exercise generally produces a rise of adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, glucagon, growth hormone, arginine vasopressine, etc., and a drop of insulin. The hormonal events during reestablishment of homeostasis due to exercise stress can be divided into a catabolic phase, with decreased tolerance of effort, and reversible biochemical, hormonal and immunological changes, and an anabolic phase, with a higher adaptive capacity, and enhanced performance. The two main hormonal axes activated in the catabolic phase are sympathetic–adrenal–medullary system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, while in the anabolic phase, growth hormone-insulin-like factor I axis, and gonadal axes. The hormonal responses during exercise and recovery can be regarded as regulatory and integrated endocrine responses. The increase of catecholamines and ACTH is dependent on the intensity of exercise; a marked increase in plasma A occurs during exercises with high emotional content. The response of cortisol is correlated with the duration of exercise, while the effect of exercise duration on β-endorphin changes is highly dependent on the type of exercise performed. Cortisol and β-endorphin changes usually occur in phase, but not during exercises with high emotional content. Glucocorticoids and iodothyronines are involved in meeting immediate energy demands, and a model of functional interactions between HPA axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during exercise stress is proposed. A modulation of coping responses to different energy demanding physical activities required for sport activities could be hypothesized. This review supports the proposed regulation of hypophysiotropic TRHergic neurons as metabolic integrators during exercise stress. Many hormonal systems (ghrelin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol) are activated to control substrate mobilizations and utilization. The cardiovascular homeostasis, the fluid and electrolyte balance during exercise are highly dependent on vasoactive hormones (antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone, and prostaglandins) control.

show abstract

Is There an Interplay Between the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axes During Exercise-Stress Coping in Horses?

Ferlazzo

Cravana

Fazio

et al. 2018

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Dynamics of Total and Free Iodothyronines of Jumping Horses on the Responses to Competition and Transport

Cited by 5 publications

References 15 publications

Blood‐based assessment of oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine and metabolic adaptations in eventing horses accounting for plasma volume shift after exercise

Blood‐based assessment of oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine and metabolic adaptations in eventing horses accounting for plasma volume shift after exercise

The different hormonal system during exercise stress coping in horses

Is There an Interplay Between the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axes During Exercise-Stress Coping in Horses?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About