Dynamics of Virus versus Host Interaction in Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Abstract

To investigate the dynamic interplay between human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) replication and the extent of immune destruction in HIV-1-infected children, virus burden in lymphoid tissues (LN) and peripheral blood was compared with changes in LN architecture and cytokine levels constitutively expressed in LN. In agreement with results of a preliminary study, the plasma HIV-1 RNA level correlated with the amount of provirus in LN. However, the level was also associated with a degree of destruction of lymphoid follicular architecture and an alteration of immune cytokine expression. Expression of interleukin (IL)-4 was higher in LN with higher virus replication. Reduction of plasma viremia was associated with an increase in IL-2 mRNA levels in LN. These findings suggest that measurable virus burden in the peripheral blood is not a simple reflection of viral replication in LN but is also influenced by the extent of progressive immune destruction.

Dual effect of interleukin 4 on HIV-1 expression: Implications for viral phenotypic switch and disease progression

“…Increased production of IL-4, the primary T H 2-defining cytokine, has been demonstrated by intracellular staining (21,22), in situ hybridization (23), and by increased frequency of T cell clones with T H 2 phenotype from HIV-1-infected individuals (24)(25)(26)(27). Higher virus replication correlated with increased IL-4 levels in lymph nodes from infected children (28).…”

Neutralization Sensitivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolates to Antibodies and CD4-Based Reagents Is Independent of Coreceptor Usage

“…M-tropic viruses are those most commonly transmitted sexually (3,33,87,106) and from mother to infant (2,72,81). If T-tropic strains are transmitted, or when they emerge, this is associated with a more rapid course of disease in both adults (17,37,46,51,52,76,78,82,92,101) and children (6,45,84,90). However, T-tropic viruses emerge in only about 40% of infected people, usually only several years after infection (76,78).…”

Alterações dermatológicas em crianças com Aids e sua relação com categorias clínico-imunológicas e carga viral

“…Como os valores ainda não estão estabelecidos para a faixa etária pediátrica, pois existem poucos estudos a respeito, foram utilizados os preconizados para adultos na progressão da doença. 11,20 Elevados níveis de carga viral indicam pior prognós-tico. 11 Em crianças a taxa de óbito para carga viral abaixo de 10.000 é de 15%; de 10.000 a 100.000, de 40%; e para valores maiores de 1.000.000, de 71%.…”

“…Due to the scarce amount of studies on the subject and since values have yet to be established for the pediatric age group, the same values were used as those suggested for the disease progression in adults. 11,20 A high viral load level indicates the worst prognosis. 11 In children, the death rate for viral load below 100,000 is 15%.…”