Dysbiosis in Pediatrics Is Associated with Respiratory Infections: Is There a Place for Bacterial-Derived Products?

Ballarini, Stefania; Rossi, Giovanni A.; Principi, Nicola; Esposito, Susanna

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020448

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(122 reference statements)

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“…In the first few years of life, gut dysbiosis is characterized by a reduction in individual diversity in the microbial ecosystem, with colonization by opportunistic pathogens (i.e., Enterococcus spp.) [ 57 ]. Early colonization of the URT in children by Moraxella genus is associated with respiratory tract infections; nasal secretion samples from asthmatic children of ages 6 to 17 years showed a significant activation of eosinophils, especially by Moraxella catarrhalis [ 4 58 ].…”

Section: Microbial Dysbiosis: a “Trigger Point” For Children’s Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early colonization of the URT in children by Moraxella genus is associated with respiratory tract infections; nasal secretion samples from asthmatic children of ages 6 to 17 years showed a significant activation of eosinophils, especially by Moraxella catarrhalis [ 4 58 ]. Moreover, colonization by Clostridium difficile at 1 month of age correlates with the occurrence of wheezing and asthma in the first 6 years of life [ 4 57 59 ]. In infants at risk of developing asthma, there is usually a relative decline in the genera Lachnospira , Veillonella , Faecalibacterium and Rothia in the first 100 days of life, as well as a relative reduction in Clostridium neonatale in the first 3 months of life [ 4 ].…”

Section: Microbial Dysbiosis: a “Trigger Point” For Children’s Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Composition of Human Breast Milk Microbiota and Its Role in Children’s Health

Notarbartolo

Giuffrè

Montante

et al. 2022

Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr

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Human milk contains a number of nutritional and bioactive molecules including microorganisms that constitute the so-called “Human Milk Microbiota (HMM)”. Recent studies have shown that not only bacterial but also viral, fungal, and archaeal components are present in the HMM. Previous research has established, a “core” microbiome, consisting of Firmicutes (i.e., Streptococcus , Staphylococcus ), Proteobacteria (i.e., Serratia , Pseudomonas , Ralstonia , Sphingomonas , Bradyrhizobium ), and Actinobacteria (i.e., Propionibacterium , Corynebacterium ). This review aims to summarize the main characteristics of HMM and the role it plays in shaping a child’s health. We reviewed the most recent literature on the topic (2019-2021), using the PubMed database. The main sources of HMM origin were identified as the retrograde flow and the entero-mammary pathway. Several factors can influence its composition, such as maternal body mass index and diet, use of antibiotics, time and type of delivery, and mode of breastfeeding. The COVID-19 pandemic, by altering the mother-infant dyad and modifying many of our previous habits, has emerged as a new risk factor for the modification of HMM. HMM is an important contributor to gastrointestinal colonization in children and therefore, it is fundamental to avoid any form of perturbation in the HMM that can alter the microbial equilibrium, especially in the first 100 days of life. Microbial dysbiosis can be a trigger point for the development of necrotizing enterocolitis, especially in preterm infants, and for onset of chronic diseases, such as asthma and obesity, later in life.

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Section: Microbial Dysbiosis: a “Trigger Point” For Children’s Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microbial Dysbiosis: a “Trigger Point” For Children’s Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of Human Breast Milk Microbiota and Its Role in Children’s Health

Notarbartolo

Giuffrè

Montante

et al. 2022

Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Unfortunately, their use has been repeatedly found to be associated with the same modifications of gut microbiota composition that characterize CF, with reduced presence of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, and increased concentrations of Enterococcus [ 27 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. Moreover, although dysbiosis can occur even after short-term antibiotic exposure [ 48 , 49 , 50 ], it is more common and severe when repeated courses of antibiotic therapy are prescribed. CF individuals receiving the greatest exposure to antibiotics because given repeated intravenous antibiotic courses had the lowest microbiota diversity [ 24 ].…”

Section: Main Factors Leading To Gut Dysbiosis In Cystic Fibrosis Pat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ability of gut and lung colonization of different probiotics remains unknown. Presently, marketed probiotics are selected taking into account their ability to reach the intestine and adhere to epithelial cells, but it is not defined if bacteria transferred from gut to lung can long survive in this environment and play a role in exerting beneficial activity [ 50 ].…”

Section: Probiotic Use In Cystic Fibrosis Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotics Administration in Cystic Fibrosis: What Is the Evidence?

et al. 2022

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In the last 20 years, gut microbiota in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has become an object of interest. It was shown that these patients had gut dysbiosis and this could explain not only the intestinal manifestations of the disease but also part of those involving the respiratory tract. The acquisition of previously unknown information about the importance of some bacteria, i.e., those partially or totally disappeared in the gut of CF patients, in the regulation of the activity and function of the gut and the lung was the base to suggest the use of probiotics in CF patients. The main aim of this paper is to discuss the biological basis for probiotic administration to CF patients and which results could be expected. Literature analysis showed that CF intestinal dysbiosis depends on the same genetic mutations that condition the clinical picture of the diseases and is aggravated by a series of therapeutic interventions, such as dietary modifications, the use of antibiotics, and the administration of antacids. All this translates into a significant worsening of the structure and function of organs, including the lung and intestine, already deeply penalized by the genetic alterations of CF. Probiotics can intervene on dysbiosis, reducing the negative effects derived from it. However, the available data cannot be considered sufficient to indicate that these bacteria are essential elements of CF therapy. Further studies that take into account the still unsolved aspects on how to use probiotics are absolutely necessary.

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“…4 In addition, it has been postulated that intestinal and respiratory dysbiosis has a role in respiratory infections and airway obstruction. 5,6 Dysbiosis can promote inflammatory pathways and impair immune defense against pathogens. 7 Probiotics are "live microorganisms which confer a beneficial effect on the host."…”

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confidence: 99%