Dysfunctional beliefs in panic disorder: The Panic Belief Inventory

The structure of emotional and cognitive anxiety symptoms

“…neither of these studies has included the emotional expressions of sadness, fear, and anger that were included in the present study. The second factor, fear of physical sensations, has been widely recognized in prior studies (Cox et al, 1995;Deacon & Abramowitz, 2006;Hicks et al, 2005;Khawaja & Oei, 1992, 1998Marks et al, 1991;Zvolensky et al, 2003;Wenzel et al, 2006), probably in part due to the emphasis put on this kind of catastrophic cognitions by the cognitive theory of panic disorder. The factors were moderately to highly correlated, which may indicate a higher-order factor.…”

“…A physical factor, containing symptoms such as fear of dying and fear of having a stroke, has been found in a number of studies using different questionnaire measures (Cox, Endler, & Swinson, 1995;Deacon & Abramowitz, 2006;Hicks et al, 2005;Khawaja & Oei, 1992, 1998Lovibond & Rapee, 1993;Marks, Basoglu, Alkubaisy, & Senguen, 1991;Wenzel, Sharp, Brown, Greenberg, & Beck, 2006;Zvolensky et al, 2003). Less broad physical factors, such as fear of respiratory symptoms (Deacon & Abramowitz, 2006;Muris, 2002;Taylor & Cox, 1998) or fear of cardiovascular symptoms (Muris, 2002;Taylor & Cox, 1998), have also been found.…”

“…Less broad physical factors, such as fear of respiratory symptoms (Deacon & Abramowitz, 2006;Muris, 2002;Taylor & Cox, 1998) or fear of cardiovascular symptoms (Muris, 2002;Taylor & Cox, 1998), have also been found. Additionally, previous studies have extracted a number of other cognitive factors, for example an emotional factor (Khawaja & Oei, 1992, 1998Wenzel et al, 2006), a mental or cognitive functioning factor (Deacon & Abramowitz, 2006;Hicks et al, 2005;Khawaja & Oei, 1992, 1998Muris, 2002), a social factor (Deacon & Abramowitz, 2006;Hicks et al, 2005;Khawaja and Oei, 1992;Lovibond & Rapee, 1993;Muris, 2002;Wenzel et al, 2006), or combinations of these, such as socialcognitive concerns (Zvolensky et al, 2003), fear of psychosocial consequences (Marks et al, 1991), or fear of psychological symptoms (Cox et al, 1995). As results of prior studies do not provide a clear hypothesis about the structure of cognitive symptoms, further studies with an explorative approach to data collection and analysis are needed.…”

Panic Disorder: Assessment and Treatment

“…The PBI (Wenzel, Sharp, Brown, Greenberg, & Beck, 2006) is a 42-item self-report measure which assesses beliefs regarding panic, its symptoms, and its consequences. This inventory includes four subscales: Anticipatory Anxiety, Physical Catastrophes, Emotional Catastrophes, and Self-Deprecation.…”

“…This inventory includes four subscales: Anticipatory Anxiety, Physical Catastrophes, Emotional Catastrophes, and Self-Deprecation. This scale is sensitive to gains made in treatment and was correlated with other self-report inventories of cognition, such as the BSQ and ACQ (Wenzel et al, 2006).…”