E-cigarette fluids and aerosol residues cause oxidative stress and an inflammatory response in human keratinocytes and 3D skin models

Khachatoorian, Careen; Luo, Wentai; McWhirter, Kevin J; Pankow, James F.; Talbot, Prue

doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105234

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, was significantly higher after 3h exposure to THS and remained elevated at 22 h. Similar increases in inflammatory cytokines occurred in a 3D model of human epidermis (EpiDerm) exposed to the residue from exhaled electronic cigarette aerosol. 26 Furthermore, the top scored biofunctions network were "inflammatory response" at 3 h and "inflammation of organs" at 22 h. Together, our results demonstrate that exposure to THS increases hemostasis ("adhesion of blood cells") and initiates a pro-inflammatory response, which are risk factors for thrombosis. Upregulation of "RhoA signaling" and "signaling of Rho family GTPases" in the 3-h THS exposure group provides further evidence for activation of the innate immune system.…”

Section: Articlesmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Our data, which contribute to the growing literature on THS, 51 will be useful in devising regulatory policies to limit exposure to THS in contaminated properties and will enable healthcare workers to advise their patients on the risks associated with THS exposure. Electronic cigarettes also deposit a residue that comes into contact with the skin, 26 , 52 , 53 and this should be evaluated in future studies. The evaluation of larger populations exposed for longer periods of exposure would further characterise human health responses to dermal THS exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dermal thirdhand smoke exposure induces oxidative damage, initiates skin inflammatory markers, and adversely alters the human plasma proteome

Sakamaki-Ching¹,

Schick²,

Grigorean³

et al. 2022

eBioMedicine

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Section: Articlesmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dermal thirdhand smoke exposure induces oxidative damage, initiates skin inflammatory markers, and adversely alters the human plasma proteome

Sakamaki-Ching¹,

Schick²,

Grigorean³

et al. 2022

eBioMedicine

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“…ECEAR generated using “Dewberry Cream” and “Churrios” in tank style ECs contained nicotine, nicotine alkaloids, tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), and flavor chemicals . ECEAR derived from “Churrios” e-liquid induced IL-1α secretion following air–liquid interface exposure of EpiDerm tissue, a 3D human skin model . Some ECEAR chemicals caused oxidative damage and inflammation to human skin .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…35 ECEAR derived from "Churrios" e-liquid induced IL-1α secretion following air−liquid interface exposure of EpiDerm tissue, a 3D human skin model. 37 Some ECEAR chemicals caused oxidative damage and inflammation to human skin. 37 No data have previously been reported on ECEAR associated with JUUL products.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure, Retention, Exhalation, Symptoms, and Environmental Accumulation of Chemicals During JUUL Vaping

Hua

Luo

Khachatoorian

et al. 2023

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Little is known about the chemical exposures that electronic cigarette (EC) users receive and emit during JUUL vaping and if exposures produce symptoms dose dependently. This study examined chemical exposure (dose), retention, symptoms during vaping, and the environmental accumulation of exhaled propylene glycol (PG), glycerol (G), nicotine, and menthol in a cohort of human participants who vaped JUUL "Menthol" ECs. We refer to this environmental accumulation as "EC exhaled aerosol residue" (ECEAR). Chemicals were quantified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in JUUL pods before and after use, lab-generated aerosols, human exhaled aerosols, and in ECEAR. Unvaped JUUL "Menthol" pods contained ∼621.3 mg/mL of G, ∼264.9 mg/mL of PG, ∼59.3 mg/mL of nicotine, ∼13.3 mg/mL of menthol, and ∼0.1 mg/mL of the coolant WS-23. Eleven experienced male EC users (aged 21−26) provided exhaled aerosol and residue samples before and after vaping JUUL pods. Participants vaped ad libitum for 20 min, while their average puff count (22 ± 6.4) and puff duration (4.4 ± 2.0) were recorded. The transfer efficiency of nicotine, menthol, and WS-23 from the pod fluid into the aerosol varied with each chemical and was generally similar across flow rates (9−47 mL/s). At 21 mL/s, the average mass of each chemical retained by the participants who vaped 20 min was 53.2 ± 40.3 mg for G, 18.9 ± 14.3 mg for PG, 3.3 ± 2.7 mg for nicotine, and 0.5 ± 0.4 mg for menthol, with retention deduced to be ∼90−100% for each chemical. There was a significant positive relationship between the number of symptoms during vaping and total chemical mass retained. ECEAR accumulated on enclosed surfaces where it could contribute to passive exposure. These data will be valuable to researchers studying human exposure to EC aerosols and agencies that regulate EC products.

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“…In vitro studies have shown that E-liquids and E-vapours are not as benign as originally believed. E-liquids and -vapours induce cellular toxicity , Willershausen., 2014, Hwang., 2016, Leig., 2016, Rowell., 2017, Ween., 2019, inflammatory cytokine release (Wu., 2014, Cervellati., 2014, Rubenstein., 2015, Lerner., 2015, Higham., 2016, Leigh., 2016, Khachatoorian., 2021 and impaired cellular function (Schweitzer., 2015, Hwang., 2016, Scott., 2018, Gómez., 2020 of airway epithelia and immune cells. Human alveolar macrophages secreted increased pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-6, and TNFα along with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and were more susceptible to cell death when exposed to E-cigarette vapour extracts (Scott., 2018) Cell death and ROS are activators of inflammasomes, which regulates the activity and release of pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-18 (Martinon, Burns and Tschopp, 2002;Srinivasula., 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-cigarette vapour from base components propylene glycol and vegetable glycerine inhibits the inflammatory response in macrophages and epithelial cells

Bell

McAuley

Shyamsundar

et al. 2022

Preprint

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E-cigarettes are a highly popular nicotine replacement therapy in the process of smoking cessation. Despite this, research on the effects of E-vapours to human health remains limited. The popularity of vaping and mass production of cheap E-liquids has led to compromised safety regulations, with contaminants such as heavy metals and alkaloids detected in multiple liquids. Vaporised E-liquids increase cellular ROS generation and inflammatory cytokine release from pulmonary macrophages. This suggests that E-cigarette usage might activate inflammasomes. Common food additives vegetable glycerine (VG) and propylene glycol (PG) form the base of all E-liquids, but little is known about their inflammatory potential once inhaled. Here, the effect of PG and VG on inflammasome activation and cytokine release was investigated in macrophages and epithelial cells exposed to E-liquids and vaporised E-liquid extract (E-vapour). Base E-liquid and E-vapour did not induce cellular cytotoxicity and non-vapourised E-liquid had no effect on IL-8 release. However, basic PG/VG E-vapour inhibited both IL-8 release and conventional inflammasome activation by known inflammatory activators in macrophages and epithelial cells. These results propose a novel inhibitory effect of basic E-vapour components to inflammatory challenges.

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E-cigarette fluids and aerosol residues cause oxidative stress and an inflammatory response in human keratinocytes and 3D skin models

Cited by 16 publications

References 81 publications

Dermal thirdhand smoke exposure induces oxidative damage, initiates skin inflammatory markers, and adversely alters the human plasma proteome

Dermal thirdhand smoke exposure induces oxidative damage, initiates skin inflammatory markers, and adversely alters the human plasma proteome

Exposure, Retention, Exhalation, Symptoms, and Environmental Accumulation of Chemicals During JUUL Vaping

E-cigarette vapour from base components propylene glycol and vegetable glycerine inhibits the inflammatory response in macrophages and epithelial cells

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