“…The "conservative" think the 4P paradigm is able to adapt to environmental changes, including new elements within each P (Van Waterschoot & Van den Bulte, 1992;Aldridge, Forcht, & Pierson, 1997;Peattie & Peters, 1997;Bhatt & Emdad, 2001;Allen & Fjermestad, 2001); on the other hand the "revisionist" claims that the 4P paradigm is outdated and needs a formal review (Costantinides, 2002 andChen, 2006), considering in particular the emerging field of electronic marketing (e-marketing) and its peculiarities (Kalyanam & McIntyre, 2002;Kimiloglu, 2004).…”