Ear leucochroism on winter rye cultivars in agroecological conditions of Kirov region

Abstract

Abstract. The purpose of the study is to study the effect of environment and genotype on the expression of ear leucochroism in winter rye plants. Methods. The research was carried out in the laboratory of immunity and plant protection of FASC of the North-East. The conditions and peculiarities of the expression of ear leucochroism and stalk albinosis in 48 domestic varieties of winter rye was studied in field and laboratory experiments. In tested populations, count of such biotypes, phytopathological and microbiological analysis of root system and grain in affected plants were done. Repetition in in vivo studies – 2-fold, in vitro – 4-fold. Results. Five cultivars of a rye bred in FASC of the North-East (Sarmat, Falenskaya universal’naya, Garmoniya, Grafinya, and Perepel) with defeat up to 0.10 %, and 11 domestic cultivars of some Russian research institutions (Moskovskaya 2, Saratovskaya 7, Marusenka, Talovskaya 33, Pamyaty Bambysheva, Solnechnaya, Antares, HBAK-285/15, Slavia, Talovskaya 41, and Alpha) with defeat up to 0.07 % are revealed at a state of this trait at the indicator – 0.31 %. A positive link was found between root infection and plant ear leucochroism (r = 0.15 and r = 0.30), but there was no clear evidence of the dependence of the nature and degree of grain infection on the state of the trait. The level of ear leucochroism is significantly affected by the density of the plant stand due to the resistance to snow mold in regional conditions (r = 0.29 and r = 0.79). The dominant contribution of the genotype to the variability of the sign of ear leucochroism, which amounted to 68.4 % in new populations bred in FASC of the North-East, and in cultivars of domestic breeding – 59.4 %, has been established. A significant effect of the microenvironment (31.0 % and 39.6 %) on pathogenesis, expressed in field test repeats, was also found.

Determination of the minimum drop height of the spherical grains in the solution of the treater

“…For this, calculations were carried out using the statistical data processing program Microsoft Word 2013. Calculations were made for pea grains having a spherical shape with a density ρz = (1.15-1.45)•10 3 kg/m 3 From Figures 4 and 5 it follows that with an increase in the density ρz and diameter 2rz of the ball kernel (pea), the values of its minimum drop height h necessary to overcome the surface tension of the etchant solution decrease. With an increase in the density ρzh of the liquid, the values of the minimum drop height h increase.…”

“…With an increase in the density ρzh of the etchant solution, the value of the minimum drop height h of the ball grains to overcome the surface tension of the solution increases (Figure 5). So, with a solution density ρzh = 1.15•10 3 kg/m 3 and the lowest physical and mechanical properties of the grain (ρz = 1.15•10 3 kg/m 3 and 2rz = 3.5•10 -3 m), the maximum value of the minimum height h is 15.5•10 -3 m. The minimum height h = 0 for kernels with a diameter of 2rz ≥ 4.7•10 -3 m at ρz = 1.15•10 3 kg/m 3 , and with an increase in the density ρz of the grain to its maximum values of 1.45•10 3 kg/m 3 minimum height h = 0 for grains with a diameter of 2rz ≥ 3.8•10 -3 m.…”

“…As objects of research, pea seeds were used, having a spherical shape (ball grains), with a density ρz = (1.15-1.45)•10 3 kg/m 3 face tension (0.0727; 0.0755; 0.0771; 0.0786; 0.0801, 0.0816 N/m) and hydrodynamic drag coefficients c = 0.4 (0.5 for ρzh = 1.12 and 1.15•10 3 kg/m 3 ) [21].…”

“…In addition, modern resource-saving technologies make particularly high demands on the quality of seed preparation and sowing technologies, since minimizing soil cultivation contributes to the accumulation and survival of phytopathogens and phytophages in the upper soil layer and significantly complicates the passage of the most vulnerable period from seed germination to formation of full seedlings. Therefore, the treatment of seeds with protective and stimulating drugs is a mandatory measure of intensive technology in crop production [3][4][5].…”