Early detection of volcanic hazard by lidar measurement of carbon dioxide

Fiorani, Luca; Santoro, S.; Parracino, Stefano; Maio, Giovanni; Nuvoli, Marcello; Aiuppa, Alessandro

doi:10.1007/s11069-016-2209-0

Cited by 8 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…A major breakthrough has recently arisen from the possible application of lidars to remote volcanic CO 2 sensing (Fiorani et al, 2013(Fiorani et al, , 2016Aiuppa et al, 2015;Queißer et al, 2015Queißer et al, , 2016. Aiuppa et al (2015) were the first to report on a DIALlidar-based remote measurement of the volcanic CO 2 flux at Campi Flegrei volcano, but their observations were limited to short (<200 m) measurement distances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our measurements on Stromboli (Figure 1) were obtained using the same DIAL-lidar described in Aiuppa et al (2015) and Fiorani et al (2015Fiorani et al ( , 2016, and realized within the context of the FP7- ERC project Bridge (www.bridge.unipa.it). Only key information is reported here, and the reader is referred to previous studies for a detailed description of the instrument.…”

Section: The Bridge Lidarmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This procedure allows us to set the ON/OFF wavelengths with better accuracy than the laser linewidth (Fiorani et al, 2016). Assuming that the error in the wavelength setting is ±0.02 cm −1 (half laser linewidth), in the wavelength region used in this study, the systematic error of the CO 2 concentration measurement is 5.5%.…”

Section: Appendix-uncertainty and Error Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New prospects for ground-based remote detection of the volcanic CO 2 flux have recently become available from the advent of a new lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) using the DIAL (Differential Absorption lidar) technique Fiorani et al, 2015Fiorani et al, , 2016. DIAL-lidars (Weitkamp, 2005;Fiorani, 2007) use backscattering of artificial light (laser) from atmospheric back-scatterers and/or from the volcanic plume itself, and are therefore potentially ideal for remote volcanic CO 2 detection (Fiorani et al, 2013;Queißer et al, 2015Queißer et al, , 2016.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the SO 2 flux can remotely be sensed by UV spectroscopy (Oppenheimer, 2010;Oppenheimer et al, 2011), measuring the CO 2 /SO 2 ratio requires in-situ direct sampling and/or measurements via Multi-GAS (Aiuppa et al, 2010a) or Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometry (La Spina et al, 2013) in the vicinity of hazardous active vents. As such, implementation of novel techniques for the remote observation of the volcanic CO 2 flux, from more distal (and safer) locations, remains highly desirable.New prospects for ground-based remote detection of the volcanic CO 2 flux have recently become available from the advent of a new lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) using the DIAL (Differential Absorption lidar) technique Fiorani et al, 2015Fiorani et al, , 2016. DIAL-lidars (Weitkamp, 2005;Fiorani, 2007) use backscattering of artificial light (laser) from atmospheric back-scatterers and/or from the volcanic plume itself, and are therefore potentially ideal for remote volcanic CO 2 detection (Fiorani et al, 2013;Queißer et al, 2015Queißer et al, , 2016.…”

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confidence: 99%

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New Advances in Dial-Lidar-Based Remote Sensing of the Volcanic CO2 Flux

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We report here on the results of a proof-of-concept study aimed at remotely sensing the volcanic CO 2 flux using a Differential Adsorption lidar (DIAL-lidar). The observations we report on were conducted in June 2014 on Stromboli volcano, where our lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) was used to scan the volcanic plume at ∼3 km distance from the summit vents. The obtained results prove that a remotely operating lidar can resolve a volcanic CO 2 signal of a few tens of ppm (in excess to background air) over km-long optical paths. We combine these results with independent estimates of plume transport speed (from processing of UV Camera images) to derive volcanic CO 2 flux time-series of ≈16-33 min temporal resolution. Our lidar-based CO 2 fluxes range from 1.8 ± 0.5 to 32.1 ± 8.0 kg/s, and constrain the daily averaged CO 2 emissions from Stromboli at 8.3 ± 2.1 to 18.1 ± 4.5 kg/s (or 718-1565 tons/day). These inferred fluxes fall within the range of earlier observations at Stromboli. They also agree well with contemporaneous CO 2 flux determinations (8.4-20.1 kg/s) obtained using a standard approach that combines Multi-GAS-based in-plume readings of the CO 2 /SO 2 ratio (≈8) with UV-camera sensed SO 2 fluxes (1.5-3.4 kg/s). We conclude that DIAL-lidars offer new prospects for safer (remote) instrumental observations of the volcanic CO 2 flux.Keywords: volcanic CO 2 , DIAL-lidar, Stromboli, remote sensing, CO 2 flux INTRODUCTION A major step forward in ground-based volcano monitoring has recently arisen from the advent of modern instrumental techniques and networks for volcanic gas observations (Galle et al., 2010;Oppenheimer et al., 2014;Saccorotti et al., 2014;Fischer and Chiodini, 2015). Such technical advances provide improved temporal resolution relative to traditional direct sampling techniques (Symonds et al., 1994;Giggenbach, 1996). As longer-term volcanic gas records increase in number and quality, full empirical evidence is finally emerging for increased CO 2 flux emissions prior to eruption of mafic to intermediate volcanoes (Aiuppa, 2015). Precursory plume CO 2 flux increases have been now detected at several volcanoes, including Etna (Aiuppa et al., 2008;Patanè et al., 2013), Kilauea (Poland et al., 2012), Redoubt (Werner et al., 2013), Turrialba (de Moor et al., 2016a), and Poas (de Moor et al., 2016b).At Stromboli (in Italy), however, CO 2 flux observations have been particularly valuable for interpreting, and eventually predicting, the volcano's behavior (Aiuppa et al., 2010a Stromboli, the "regular" mild strombolian activity is occasionally interrupted by larger-scale vulcanian-style explosions, locally referred as "major explosions" or (in the most extreme events) "paroxysms" (Rosi et al., 2006(Rosi et al., , 2013Andronico and Pistolesi, 2010;Pistolesi et al., 2011;Pioli et al., 2014). These explosions, although short-lived (tens of seconds to a few minutes), represent a real hazard for local populations, tourists and volcanologists, since they produce fallout of coarse pyroclastic materials over w...

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