Early events in the life of apple roots: variation in root growth rate is linked to mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fungal colonization

Resendes, Maryann L.; Bryla, David R.; Eissenstat, David M.

doi:10.1007/s11104-008-9690-5

Cited by 38 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Through the dramatic influence to surrounding soil, root pathogens could not only affect root growth, but also could affect the levels of phytochemicals in plants (Resendes et al 2008;Nogales et al 2009;Bais et al 2005). In our results, three ginsenosides, Rb 1 , Re and Rg 1 in ginseng roots, were influenced differently by soilborne pathogens F. solani and F. oxysporum-mediated infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Dynamic response of ginsenosides in American ginseng to root fungal pathogens

Jiao

et al. 2010

Plant Soil

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The existence of a complex relationship between soil microbes and ginsenoside contents in their host plants has been reported by previous studies. Here, we analyzed the interaction between the root pathogens and the ginsenoside content in the roots of American ginseng. Two fungal pathogen species were isolated from diseased American ginseng roots, and identified as Fusarium oxysporum (isolate C1) and Fusarium solani (isolate F19) by molecular sequencing analysis. To determine the effect of Fusarium-mediated infection of American ginseng roots, the contents of three ginsenosides, ginsenosides Rb 1 , ginsenosides Re and ginsenosides Rg 1 , were monitored over a time course of 120 h post infection using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We found that the level of Rb 1 was rapidly upregulated upon fungal infection, whereas the contents of Re or Rg 1 were not altered significantly. Furthermore, the presence of Rb 1 , but not Re or Rg 1 , significantly inhibited conidium germination of both Fusarium species. Thus, Rb 1 is likely the disease-resistance compound produced by American ginseng roots in response to the pathogenic fungi. Our study is the first to report the three ginsenosides with different chemical structure respond differently to soilborne pathogen infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Dynamic response of ginsenosides in American ginseng to root fungal pathogens

Jiao

et al. 2010

Plant Soil

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“…There is a sizable portion of fine roots that remains relatively inactive even from the first days of birth. Other age related studies, such as those on P uptake and respiration (Bouma et al 2001), root browning (Comas et al 2000, N uptake and respiration , and fungal infection rate (Resendes et al 2008) found similar variation in root function within fine roots of the same age, where a large proportion of the roots appears to be inactive.…”

Section: Root Age and Nitrate Uptakementioning

confidence: 76%

“…However, many absorptive roots, especially in woody plants, only extend 2 or 3 cm in the first days of life and then stop growing (e.g. Resendes et al 2008). These short,very fine lateral roots age, but we have a limited understanding of their nutrient uptake physiology as they age (Lucash et al 2007), particularly in light of the fact the tip ceases growing (using an ordering scheme where roots with no laterals are 1st order) (Fitter 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Often 1st order roots may only grow for a short duration (3-7 days) before elongation stops (e.g. Resendes et al 2008). The ability of these 1st order roots to acquire N and phosphorus dramatically decreases with increasing age (Bouma et al 2001;Volder et al 2005 showed in a greenhouse study in grape (Vitis rupestris Scheele Â V. riparia Michx.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating nitrogen uptake of individual roots in container- and field-grown plants using a 15N-depletion approach

Volder

Anderson

Bloom

et al. 2009

Functional Plant Biol.

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We only have a limited understanding of the nutrient uptake physiology of individual roots as they age. Despite this shortcoming, the importance of nutrient uptake processes to our understanding of plant nutrition and nutrient cycling cannot be underestimated. In this study, we used a 15 N depletion method that allowed for the measurement of nitrate-N uptake rates on intact, individual, fine roots of known age. We expected that N uptake would decline rapidly as fine roots aged, regardless of the environmental conditions and species used. We compared age dependent uptake patterns of young grape cuttings with those of mature vines and with those of tomato. Although patterns of declining uptake with increasing root age were similar for all species and conditions tested, large differences in maximum N uptake rates existed between young cuttings and mature vines, and between woody and herbaceous species. Maximum rates were 10-fold higher for tomato and 3-fold higher for the grape cuttings, when compared with uptake rates of fine roots of mature vines. Coefficients of variation ranged from 43 to 122% within root age groups. The large variability in physiological characteristics of fine roots of the same age, diameter and order suggests that there is a functional diversity within fine roots that is still poorly understood.

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“…We used fresh roots to compare with leaf litter in our decomposition analysis because there is no evidence that roots senesce, abscise, and are shed discretely the way that leaves do and are. Rather, roots gradually lose function as they age (Eissenstat and Volder 2004) and are colonized by saprotrophic fungi while still living (Resendes et al 2008). Therefore, the difference between a live root and a decomposing root represents a continuum, making it impossible to collect dead roots that have not already begun to decompose or for which the stage of decomposition can be controlled.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine root decomposition rates do not mirror those of leaf litter among temperate tree species

et al. 2009

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Elucidating the function of and patterns among plant traits above ground has been a major research focus, while the patterns and functioning of belowground traits remain less well understood. Even less well known is whether species differences in leaf traits and their associated biogeochemical effects are mirrored by differences in root traits and their effects. We studied fine root decomposition and N dynamics in a common garden study of 11 temperate European and North American tree species (Abies alba, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus robur, Quercus rubra and Tilia cordata) to determine whether leaf litter and fine root decomposition rates are correlated across species as well as which species traits influence microbial decomposition above versus below ground. Decomposition and N immobilization rates of fine roots were unrelated to those of leaf litter across species. The lack of correspondence of above- and belowground processes arose partly because the tissue traits that influenced decomposition and detritus N dynamics different for roots versus leaves, and partly because influential traits were unrelated between roots and leaves across species. For example, while high hemicellulose concentrations and thinner roots were associated with more rapid decomposition below ground, low lignin and high Ca concentrations were associated with rapid aboveground leaf decomposition. Our study suggests that among these temperate trees, species effects on C and N dynamics in decomposing fine roots and leaf litter may not reinforce each other. Thus, species differences in rates of microbially mediated decomposition may not be as large as they would be if above- and belowground processes were working in similar directions (i.e., if faster decomposition above ground corresponded to faster decomposition below ground). Our results imply that studies that focus solely on aboveground traits may obscure some of the important mechanisms by which plant species influence ecosystem processes.

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Early events in the life of apple roots: variation in root growth rate is linked to mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fungal colonization

Cited by 38 publications

References 46 publications

Dynamic response of ginsenosides in American ginseng to root fungal pathogens

Dynamic response of ginsenosides in American ginseng to root fungal pathogens

Estimating nitrogen uptake of individual roots in container- and field-grown plants using a 15N-depletion approach

Fine root decomposition rates do not mirror those of leaf litter among temperate tree species

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